37. Sudoku Solver

37. Sudoku Solver

Hard

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Write a program to solve a Sudoku puzzle by filling the empty cells.

A sudoku solution must satisfy all of the following rules:

1. Each of the digits 1-9 must occur exactly once in each row.
2. Each of the digits 1-9 must occur exactly once in each column.
3. Each of the digits 1-9 must occur exactly once in each of the 9 3x3 sub-boxes of the grid.

The '.' character indicates empty cells.

 

Example 1:

Input: board = [["5","3",".",".","7",".",".",".","."],["6",".",".","1","9","5",".",".","."],[".","9","8",".",".",".",".","6","."],["8",".",".",".","6",".",".",".","3"],["4",".",".","8",".","3",".",".","1"],["7",".",".",".","2",".",".",".","6"],[".","6",".",".",".",".","2","8","."],[".",".",".","4","1","9",".",".","5"],[".",".",".",".","8",".",".","7","9"]]
Output: [["5","3","4","6","7","8","9","1","2"],["6","7","2","1","9","5","3","4","8"],["1","9","8","3","4","2","5","6","7"],["8","5","9","7","6","1","4","2","3"],["4","2","6","8","5","3","7","9","1"],["7","1","3","9","2","4","8","5","6"],["9","6","1","5","3","7","2","8","4"],["2","8","7","4","1","9","6","3","5"],["3","4","5","2","8","6","1","7","9"]]
Explanation: The input board is shown above and the only valid solution is shown below:

 

Constraints:

• board.length == 9
• board[i].length == 9
• board[i][j] is a digit or '.'.
• It is guaranteed that the input board has only one solution.

class Solution:
    def solveSudoku(self, board: List[List[str]]) -> None:
        """
        解题思路：回溯法
        Do not return anything, modify board in-place instead.
        """

        """
        遇到个隐藏BUG
        row = 9 * [10 * [False]]
        [10 * [False]] 是一个一维数组的对象，*9的话只是把对象的引用复制了9次，修改row[1][0]，会把所有row[x][0]都改变
        """
        row = [[False for col in range(10)] for row in range(9)]
        column = [[False for col in range(10)] for row in range(9)]
        matrix = [[[False for col in range(10)] for row in range(3)] for row in range(3)]

        def canUseNum(num: int, cur_x: int, cur_y: int) -> bool:
            """
            查看当前位置能否使用该数字
            :param num: 目标数字
            :param cur_x: x
            :param cur_y: y
            :param now: 九宫格位置
            :return: 能否使用
            """
            if row[cur_x][num]:
                return False
            if column[cur_y][num]:
                return False
            if matrix[cur_x // 3][cur_y // 3][num]:
                return False
            return True

        def markNum(num: int, cur_x: int, cur_y: int, use: bool):
            """
            标记当前位置使用该数字
            :param num: 目标数字
            :param cur_x: x
            :param cur_y: y
            :param now: 九宫格位置
            :param use: 是否标记
            """
            row[cur_x][num] = use
            column[cur_y][num] = use
            matrix[cur_x // 3][cur_y // 3][num] = use

        def initMarkNum(board2: List[List[str]]):
            """
            初始化标记哪些数字被使用
            """
            for x, row_list in enumerate(board2):
                for y, s in enumerate(row_list):
                    if s != ".":
                        num = int(s)
                        row[x][num] = True
                        column[y][num] = True
                        matrix[x // 3][y // 3][num] = True

        def start(now: int) -> bool:
            times = 9 * 9
            if now >= times:
                # 完成
                return True
            x = now // 9
            y = now % 9
            if board[x][y] != ".":
                return start(now + 1)
            for i in range(1, 10):
                if canUseNum(i, x, y) is False:
                    continue
                markNum(i, x, y, True)
                board[x][y] = str(i)
                if start(now + 1):
                    return True
                board[x][y] = "."
                markNum(i, x, y, False)
            return False

        initMarkNum(board)
        start(0)
        #print(board)