2022年下半年,看了很多关于时滞系统和引入时滞的网络化控制系统的论文,对稳定性证明中Lyapunov-Krasovskii泛函中二重积分项求导结果有些疑问,故在知乎上提问寻求帮助,幸运的被一个大佬回答了,这里转载一下。并给出大佬的知乎主页。顾玖大佬知乎主页
时滞系统中Lyapunov泛函中二重积分项求导时,用的是取消内层积分的积分号,然后再算外层积分嘛,这和考研时学习的二重积分求导方式为什么结果不一样,求问?
如果用把内层积分看成一个整体的形式,再求变现积分,结果只有论文里的第二项,有明显的不同,请各位大佬赐教,十分感谢!!!
回答
回答:
我们可以将
∫
t
−
τ
m
t
∫
s
t
x
˙
T
(
v
)
R
x
˙
(
v
)
d
v
d
s
\int^{t}_{t-\tau_m}\int^{t}_{s}\dot{x}^T(v)R\dot{x}(v)dvds
∫t−τmt∫stx˙T(v)Rx˙(v)dvds这一项单独拎出来并考虑其对
t
t
t的导数(这是唯一有难度的一项)。事实上,我们可以得到一个更一般的结论:即,在满足一定条件下,我们可以得到函数
F
(
t
)
=
∫
α
(
t
)
β
(
t
)
[
∫
φ
(
x
,
t
)
ψ
(
x
,
t
)
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
y
]
d
x
(1)
F(t)=\int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}\Bigg[\int^{\psi(x,t)}_{\varphi(x,t)}f(x,y)dy\Bigg]dx\tag{1}
F(t)=∫α(t)β(t)[∫φ(x,t)ψ(x,t)f(x,y)dy]dx(1)关于变量
t
t
t的导数。
如果求得了
F
(
t
)
F(t)
F(t)对
t
t
t的导数,只需要令
α
(
t
)
=
t
−
τ
m
\alpha(t)=t-\tau_m
α(t)=t−τm,
β
(
t
)
=
t
\beta(t)=t
β(t)=t,
φ
(
x
,
t
)
=
x
\varphi(x,t)=x
φ(x,t)=x,
ψ
(
x
,
t
)
=
t
\psi(x,t)=t
ψ(x,t)=t即可得到我们想要的答案。
注:为了阅读方便,建议先跳到最后看结论,然后再回来看引理 1 和定理 1 的证明。
在给出
F
(
t
)
F(t)
F(t)对
t
t
t的导数之前,我们先证明一个引理。
[引理1]
[引理1] 设函数
α
(
t
)
\alpha(t)
α(t),
β
(
t
)
\beta(t)
β(t)在区间
[
t
0
,
t
1
]
[t_0,t_1]
[t0,t1]上可导,函数
f
(
x
,
t
)
f(x,t)
f(x,t)在区域
D
D
D上连续,其中区域
D
D
D为
{
(
x
,
t
)
∣
x
∈
[
α
(
t
)
,
β
(
t
)
]
,
t
∈
[
t
0
,
t
1
]
}
\{(x,t)|x\in [\alpha(t),\beta(t)],t \in [t_0,t_1]\}
{(x,t)∣x∈[α(t),β(t)],t∈[t0,t1]},且
f
(
x
,
t
)
f(x,t)
f(x,t)关于
t
t
t的偏导数在
D
D
D上连续,则有
d
d
t
∫
α
(
t
)
β
(
t
)
f
(
x
,
t
)
d
x
=
f
(
β
(
t
)
,
t
)
β
′
(
t
)
−
f
(
α
(
t
)
,
t
)
α
′
(
t
)
+
∫
α
(
t
)
β
(
t
)
∂
∂
t
f
(
x
,
t
)
d
x
(2)
\frac{d}{dt}\int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}f(x,t)dx=f(\beta(t),t)\beta^{\prime}(t)-f(\alpha(t),t)\alpha^{\prime}(t)+\int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}\frac{\partial}{\partial t}f(x,t)dx \tag{2}
dtd∫α(t)β(t)f(x,t)dx=f(β(t),t)β′(t)−f(α(t),t)α′(t)+∫α(t)β(t)∂t∂f(x,t)dx(2)证明: 记
F
(
t
)
=
∫
α
(
t
)
β
(
t
)
f
(
x
,
t
)
d
x
F(t)=\int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}f(x,t)dx
F(t)=∫α(t)β(t)f(x,t)dx,则有
F
(
t
+
Δ
t
)
−
F
(
t
)
=
∫
α
(
t
+
Δ
t
)
β
(
t
+
Δ
t
)
f
(
x
,
t
+
Δ
t
)
d
x
−
∫
α
(
t
)
β
(
t
)
f
(
x
,
t
)
d
x
=
∫
β
(
t
)
β
(
t
+
Δ
t
)
f
(
x
,
t
+
Δ
t
)
d
x
−
∫
α
(
t
)
α
(
t
+
Δ
t
)
f
(
x
,
t
+
Δ
t
)
d
x
+
∫
α
(
t
)
β
(
t
)
[
f
(
x
,
t
+
Δ
t
)
−
f
(
x
,
t
)
]
d
x
(3)
\begin{aligned}F(t + \Delta t)-F(t)&=\int^{\beta(t+\Delta t)}_{\alpha(t+\Delta t)}f(x,t+\Delta t)dx-\int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}f(x,t)dx \\ &=\int^{\beta(t+\Delta t)}_{\beta(t)}f(x,t+\Delta t)dx-\int^{\alpha(t+\Delta t)}_{\alpha(t)}f(x,t+\Delta t)dx \\&+\int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}[f(x,t + \Delta t)-f(x,t)]dx\end{aligned}\tag{3}
F(t+Δt)−F(t)=∫α(t+Δt)β(t+Δt)f(x,t+Δt)dx−∫α(t)β(t)f(x,t)dx=∫β(t)β(t+Δt)f(x,t+Δt)dx−∫α(t)α(t+Δt)f(x,t+Δt)dx+∫α(t)β(t)[f(x,t+Δt)−f(x,t)]dx(3)根据导数定义
F
′
(
t
)
=
lim
Δ
t
→
0
F
(
t
+
Δ
t
)
−
F
(
t
)
Δ
t
=
lim
Δ
t
→
0
1
Δ
t
∫
β
(
t
)
β
(
t
+
Δ
t
)
f
(
x
,
t
+
Δ
t
)
d
x
−
lim
Δ
t
→
0
1
Δ
t
∫
α
(
t
)
α
(
t
+
Δ
t
)
f
(
x
,
t
+
Δ
t
)
d
x
+
lim
Δ
t
→
0
1
Δ
t
∫
α
(
t
)
β
(
t
)
[
f
(
x
,
t
+
Δ
t
)
−
f
(
x
,
t
)
]
d
x
(4)
\begin{aligned}F^{\prime}(t)&=\lim_{\Delta t \to 0}\frac{F(t + \Delta t)-F(t)}{\Delta t} \\ &=\lim_{\Delta t \to 0}\frac{1}{\Delta t}\int^{\beta(t+\Delta t)}_{\beta(t)}f(x,t+\Delta t)dx-\lim_{\Delta t \to 0}\frac{1}{\Delta t}\int^{\alpha(t+\Delta t)}_{\alpha(t)}f(x,t+\Delta t)dx \\ &+\lim_{\Delta t \to 0}\frac{1}{\Delta t}\int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}[f(x,t + \Delta t)-f(x,t)]dx\end{aligned}\tag{4}
F′(t)=Δt→0limΔtF(t+Δt)−F(t)=Δt→0limΔt1∫β(t)β(t+Δt)f(x,t+Δt)dx−Δt→0limΔt1∫α(t)α(t+Δt)f(x,t+Δt)dx+Δt→0limΔt1∫α(t)β(t)[f(x,t+Δt)−f(x,t)]dx(4)由积分中值定理,可知
∃
ξ
1
∈
[
β
(
t
)
,
β
(
t
+
Δ
t
)
]
\exists \xi_1 \in [\beta(t),\beta(t + \Delta t)]
∃ξ1∈[β(t),β(t+Δt)]以及
∃
ξ
2
∈
[
α
(
t
)
,
α
(
t
+
Δ
t
)
]
\exists \xi_2 \in [\alpha(t),\alpha(t + \Delta t)]
∃ξ2∈[α(t),α(t+Δt)]使得
lim
Δ
t
→
0
1
Δ
t
∫
β
(
t
)
β
(
t
+
Δ
t
)
f
(
x
,
t
+
Δ
t
)
d
x
=
lim
Δ
t
→
0
1
Δ
t
f
(
ξ
1
,
t
+
Δ
t
)
(
β
(
t
+
Δ
t
)
−
β
(
t
)
)
=
f
(
β
(
t
)
,
t
)
β
′
(
t
)
(5)
\begin{aligned}&\lim_{\Delta t \to 0}\frac{1}{\Delta t}\int^{\beta(t+\Delta t)}_{\beta(t)}f(x,t+\Delta t)dx \\ =& \lim_{\Delta t \to 0}\frac{1}{\Delta t}f(\xi_1,t+ \Delta t)(\beta(t + \Delta t)-\beta(t)) \\ =& f(\beta(t),t)\beta^{\prime}(t)\end{aligned}\tag{5}
==Δt→0limΔt1∫β(t)β(t+Δt)f(x,t+Δt)dxΔt→0limΔt1f(ξ1,t+Δt)(β(t+Δt)−β(t))f(β(t),t)β′(t)(5)同理可得
lim
Δ
t
→
0
1
Δ
t
∫
α
(
t
)
α
(
t
+
Δ
t
)
f
(
x
,
t
+
Δ
t
)
d
x
=
lim
Δ
t
→
0
1
Δ
t
f
(
ξ
1
,
t
+
Δ
t
)
(
α
(
t
+
Δ
t
)
−
α
(
t
)
)
=
f
(
α
(
t
)
,
t
)
α
′
(
t
)
(6)
\begin{aligned}&\lim_{\Delta t \to 0}\frac{1}{\Delta t}\int^{\alpha(t+\Delta t)}_{\alpha(t)}f(x,t+\Delta t)dx \\ =& \lim_{\Delta t \to 0}\frac{1}{\Delta t}f(\xi_1,t+ \Delta t)(\alpha(t + \Delta t)-\alpha(t)) \\ =& f(\alpha(t),t)\alpha^{\prime}(t)\end{aligned}\tag{6}
==Δt→0limΔt1∫α(t)α(t+Δt)f(x,t+Δt)dxΔt→0limΔt1f(ξ1,t+Δt)(α(t+Δt)−α(t))f(α(t),t)α′(t)(6)由
f
(
x
,
t
)
f(x,t)
f(x,t)具有关于
t
t
t的偏导数,我们有
lim
Δ
t
→
0
1
Δ
t
∫
α
(
t
)
β
(
t
)
[
f
(
x
,
t
+
Δ
t
)
−
f
(
x
,
t
)
]
d
x
=
∫
α
(
t
)
β
(
t
)
lim
Δ
t
→
0
[
f
(
x
,
t
+
Δ
t
)
−
f
(
x
,
t
)
Δ
t
]
d
x
=
∫
α
(
t
)
β
(
t
)
∂
∂
t
f
(
x
,
t
)
d
x
(7)
\begin{aligned}&\lim_{\Delta t \to 0}\frac{1}{\Delta t}\int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}[f(x,t + \Delta t)-f(x,t)]dx \\ =&\int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}\lim_{\Delta t \to 0}\Bigg[\frac{f(x,t+ \Delta t)-f(x,t)}{\Delta t}\Bigg]dx \\ =&\int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}\frac{\partial}{\partial t}f(x,t)dx\end{aligned}\tag{7}
==Δt→0limΔt1∫α(t)β(t)[f(x,t+Δt)−f(x,t)]dx∫α(t)β(t)Δt→0lim[Δtf(x,t+Δt)−f(x,t)]dx∫α(t)β(t)∂t∂f(x,t)dx(7)综上所述,我们可以得到(1)式,证毕
□
\square
□
有了引理1,我们可以很容易的给出
f
(
t
)
f(t)
f(t)对
t
t
t的导数,即下面的定理1。
[定理1]
[定理1] 设函数
α
(
t
)
,
β
(
t
)
\alpha(t),\beta(t)
α(t),β(t)在区间
[
t
0
,
t
1
]
[t_0,t_1]
[t0,t1]上可导,函数
φ
(
x
,
t
)
,
ψ
(
x
,
t
)
\varphi(x,t),\psi(x,t)
φ(x,t),ψ(x,t)在区域
D
D
D上连续,其中区域
D
D
D为
{
(
x
,
t
)
∣
x
∈
[
α
(
t
)
,
β
(
t
)
]
,
t
∈
[
t
0
,
t
1
]
}
\{(x,t)|x\in [\alpha(t),\beta(t)],t \in [t_0,t_1]\}
{(x,t)∣x∈[α(t),β(t)],t∈[t0,t1]},当取定
t
∈
[
t
0
,
t
1
]
t\in [t_0,t_1]
t∈[t0,t1]时,
f
(
x
,
y
)
f(x,y)
f(x,y)在相应区域
E
=
{
(
x
,
y
)
∣
x
∈
[
α
(
t
)
,
β
(
t
)
]
,
y
∈
[
φ
(
x
,
t
)
,
ψ
(
x
,
t
)
]
}
E=\{(x,y)|x\in[\alpha(t),\beta(t)],y\in[\varphi(x,t),\psi(x,t)]\}
E={(x,y)∣x∈[α(t),β(t)],y∈[φ(x,t),ψ(x,t)]}上连续,则有
F
(
t
)
=
∫
α
(
t
)
β
(
t
)
[
∫
φ
(
x
,
t
)
ψ
(
x
,
t
)
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
y
]
d
x
(8)
F(t)=\int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}\Bigg[\int^{\psi(x,t)}_{\varphi(x,t)}f(x,y)dy\Bigg]dx\tag{8}
F(t)=∫α(t)β(t)[∫φ(x,t)ψ(x,t)f(x,y)dy]dx(8)在
[
t
0
,
t
1
]
[t_0,t_1]
[t0,t1]上可导,且
F
′
(
t
)
=
d
d
t
[
∫
φ
(
x
,
t
)
ψ
(
x
,
t
)
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
y
]
d
x
=
β
′
(
t
)
∫
φ
(
β
(
t
)
,
t
)
ψ
(
β
(
t
)
,
t
)
f
(
β
(
t
)
,
y
)
d
y
−
α
′
∫
φ
(
α
(
t
)
,
t
)
ψ
(
α
(
t
)
,
t
)
f
(
α
(
t
)
,
y
)
d
y
+
∫
α
(
t
)
β
(
t
)
[
ψ
t
′
(
x
,
t
)
f
(
x
,
ψ
(
x
,
t
)
)
−
φ
t
′
(
x
,
t
)
f
(
x
,
φ
(
x
,
t
)
)
]
d
x
(9)
\begin{aligned}F^{\prime}(t)&=\frac{d}{dt}\Bigg[\int^{\psi(x,t)}_{\varphi(x,t)}f(x,y)dy\Bigg]dx \\ &=\beta^{\prime}(t)\int^{\psi(\beta(t),t)}_{\varphi(\beta(t),t)}f(\beta(t),y)dy-\alpha^{\prime}\int^{\psi(\alpha(t),t)}_{\varphi(\alpha(t),t)}f(\alpha(t),y)dy \\ &+ \int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}[\psi^{\prime}_{t}(x,t)f(x,\psi(x,t))-\varphi^{\prime}_{t}(x,t)f(x,\varphi(x,t))]dx\end{aligned}\tag{9}
F′(t)=dtd[∫φ(x,t)ψ(x,t)f(x,y)dy]dx=β′(t)∫φ(β(t),t)ψ(β(t),t)f(β(t),y)dy−α′∫φ(α(t),t)ψ(α(t),t)f(α(t),y)dy+∫α(t)β(t)[ψt′(x,t)f(x,ψ(x,t))−φt′(x,t)f(x,φ(x,t))]dx(9)证明: 记
G
(
x
,
t
)
=
∫
φ
(
t
)
ψ
(
t
)
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
y
G(x,t)=\int^{\psi(t)}_{\varphi(t)}f(x,y)dy
G(x,t)=∫φ(t)ψ(t)f(x,y)dy,则
F
(
t
)
=
∫
α
(
t
)
β
(
t
)
G
(
x
,
t
)
d
x
F(t)=\int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}G(x,t)dx
F(t)=∫α(t)β(t)G(x,t)dx。
由引理1得
F
′
(
t
)
=
G
(
β
(
t
)
,
t
)
β
′
(
t
)
−
G
(
α
(
t
)
,
t
)
α
′
(
t
)
+
∫
α
(
t
)
β
(
t
)
∂
∂
t
G
(
x
,
t
)
d
x
(10)
F^{\prime}(t)=G(\beta(t),t)\beta^{\prime}(t)-G(\alpha(t),t)\alpha^{\prime}(t)+\int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}\frac{\partial}{\partial t}G(x,t)dx\tag{10}
F′(t)=G(β(t),t)β′(t)−G(α(t),t)α′(t)+∫α(t)β(t)∂t∂G(x,t)dx(10)其中,
∂
∂
t
G
(
x
,
t
)
=
d
d
t
∫
φ
(
x
,
t
)
ψ
(
x
,
t
)
f
(
x
,
y
)
d
y
=
f
(
x
,
ψ
(
x
,
t
)
)
ψ
t
′
(
x
,
t
)
−
f
(
x
,
φ
(
x
,
t
)
)
φ
t
′
(
x
,
t
)
(11)
\frac{\partial}{\partial t}G(x,t)=\frac{d}{dt}\int^{\psi(x,t)}_{\varphi(x,t)}f(x,y)dy=f(x,\psi(x,t))\psi^{\prime}_{t}(x,t)-f(x,\varphi(x,t))\varphi^{\prime}_{t}(x,t)\tag{11}
∂t∂G(x,t)=dtd∫φ(x,t)ψ(x,t)f(x,y)dy=f(x,ψ(x,t))ψt′(x,t)−f(x,φ(x,t))φt′(x,t)(11)因此,带入得
F
′
(
t
)
=
β
′
(
t
)
∫
φ
(
β
(
t
)
,
t
)
ψ
(
β
(
t
)
,
t
)
f
(
β
(
t
)
,
y
)
d
y
−
α
′
∫
φ
(
α
(
t
)
,
t
)
ψ
(
α
(
t
)
,
t
)
f
(
α
(
t
)
,
y
)
d
y
+
∫
α
(
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\begin{aligned}F^{\prime}(t)&=\beta^{\prime}(t)\int^{\psi(\beta(t),t)}_{\varphi(\beta(t),t)}f(\beta(t),y)dy-\alpha^{\prime}\int^{\psi(\alpha(t),t)}_{\varphi(\alpha(t),t)}f(\alpha(t),y)dy \\ &+ \int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}[\psi^{\prime}_{t}(x,t)f(x,\psi(x,t))-\varphi^{\prime}_{t}(x,t)f(x,\varphi(x,t))]dx\end{aligned}\tag{12}
F′(t)=β′(t)∫φ(β(t),t)ψ(β(t),t)f(β(t),y)dy−α′∫φ(α(t),t)ψ(α(t),t)f(α(t),y)dy+∫α(t)β(t)[ψt′(x,t)f(x,ψ(x,t))−φt′(x,t)f(x,φ(x,t))]dx(12)证毕
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\square
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\int^{t}_{t-\tau_m}\int^{t}_{s}\dot{x}^T(v)R\dot{x}(v)dvds
∫t−τmt∫stx˙T(v)Rx˙(v)dvds对时间
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F(t)=\int^{\beta(t)}_{\alpha(t)}\Big[\int^{\psi(x,t)}_{\varphi(x,t)}f(x,y)dy\Big]dx
F(t)=∫α(t)β(t)[∫φ(x,t)ψ(x,t)f(x,y)dy]dx,我们令
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\begin{aligned}&\frac{d}{dt}\int^{t}_{t-\tau_m}\int^{t}_{s}\dot{x}^T(v)R\dot{x}(v)dvds \\=& -\int^{t}_{t-\tau_m}\dot{x}^T(v)R\dot{x}(v)dv+\int^{t}_{t-\tau_m}\dot{x}^T(t)R\dot{x}(t)dt \\ =&-\int^{t}_{t-\tau_m}\dot{x}^T(v)R\dot{x}(v)dv+\tau_{m}\dot{x}^T(t)R\dot{x}(t)\end{aligned}\tag{13}
==dtd∫t−τmt∫stx˙T(v)Rx˙(v)dvds−∫t−τmtx˙T(v)Rx˙(v)dv+∫t−τmtx˙T(t)Rx˙(t)dt−∫t−τmtx˙T(v)Rx˙(v)dv+τmx˙T(t)Rx˙(t)(13)推导完毕
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\square
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