一、PXE 原理
- 定义
PXE(Pre-boot Execution Environment)是由 Inter 设计的协议,它可以使计算机通过网络启动。协议分为 client 和 server 两端,PXE client 在网卡的 ROM 中,当计算机引导时,BIOS 把 PXE client 调入内存执行,并显示出命令菜单,经用户选择后,PXE client 将放置在远端的操作系统通过网络下载到本地运行
- 安装过程图解
二、PXE 服务构建
- 注意事项
1)虚拟环境中注意是否将自带 DHCP 功能关闭
2)注意测试安装机器是否将网络与 PXE 服务器网络对齐
- 安装流程记录
1)安装环境
yum -y install vsftpd dhcp tftp syslinux tftp-server
2)拷贝镜像文件到 ftp 服务器目录
cd /var/ftp/pub
mkdir dvd
chown ftp:ftp dvd
cp -rf /mnt/cdrom/* dvd/
3)配置 DHCP 服务
cp /usr/share/doc/dhcp-4.1.1/dhcpd.conf.sample /etc/dhcp/dhcp.conf
vi /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf
subnet 192.168.16.0 netmask 255.255.255.0 {
range 192.168.16.66 192.168.16.77;
option routers 192.168.16.2;
next-server 192.168.16.130;#tftp server 的 ip
filename "pxelinux.0";
}
4)开启 tftp 服务
vi /etc/xinetd.d/tftp
service tftp
{
socket_type =dgram
protocol =udp
wait =yes
user =root
server =/usr/sbin/in.tftpd
server_args =-s /tftpboot 设置默认工作目录
disable =no 设置开机自启动
per_source =11
cps =100 2
flags =IPv4
}
mkdir /tftpboot
5)创建相关目录并拷贝所需文件
mkdir -p /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg
cp /var/ftp/pub/dvd/isolinux/isolinux.cfg /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
cp /usr/share/syslinux/pxelinux.0 /tftpboot/
chmod 644 /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default
cp /var/ftp/pub/dvd/isolinux/* /tftpboot/
6)开启相关服务并设置为自动启动
service dhcpd restart
chkconfig dhcpd on
service xinetd restart
chkconfig xinetd on
service vsftpd restart
chkconfig vsftpd on
7)配置 kisckstart 无人值守安装脚本
yum -y install system-config-kickstart
system-config-kickstart
cp ks.cfg /var/ftp/pub/
vi /tftpboot/pxelinux.cfg/default(添加)
label linux
menu label ^Install or upgrade an existing system
menu default
kernel vmlimuz
append initrd=initrd.img ks=ftp://192.168.66.1/pub/ks,cfg
label vesa
- KS 文件模板展示
#platform=x86,AMD64, 或 Inter EM64T
#version=DEVEL
#Firewall configuration
firewall --disabled
#Install OS instead of upgrade
install
#Use network installation
url --url="ftp://10.10.10.11/pub/dvd"
#Root password
rootpw --iscrypted $1$Avf.TcS5$qICcOlYLRtgGRo6z9f1am0
#System authorization information
auth --useshadow --passalgo=sha512
#Use graphical install
graphical
firstboot --disable
#System keyboard
keyboard us
#System language
lang en_US
#SELinux configuration
selinux --disabled
#Installation logging level
logging --level=info
#Reboot after installation
reboot
#System timezone
timezone Africa/Abidjan
#System bootloader configuration
bootloader --location=mbr
#Clear the Master Boot Record
zerombr
#Partition clearing information
clearpart --all --initlabel
#Disk partitioning information
part /boot --fstype="ext4" --size=600
part swap --fstype="swap" --size=4000
part / --fstype="ext4" --grow --size=1
%post --interpreter=/bin/bash
touch /root/1.txt
echo "123" >> /root/1.txt
echo "123" >> /root/1.txt
%end
%packages
@base
@chinese-support
@core
@debugging
@basic-desktop
@desktop-debugging
@desktop-platform
@directory-client
@fonts
@general-desktop
@graphical-admin-tools
@input-methods
@internet-applications
@internet-browser
@java-platform
@legacy-x
@network-file-system-client
@office-suite
@print-client
@remote-desktop-clients
@server-platform
@server-policy
@workstation-policy
@x11
mtools
pax
python-dmidecode
oddjob
wodim
sgpio
genisoimage
device-mapper-persistene-data
abrt-gui
samba-winbind
certmonger
pam_krb5
krb5-workstation
libXmu
%end
三、Cobbler
- Cobbler 与 PXE 的不同点
Cobbler 是什么?
Cobbler 是红帽公司研发的基于 PXE 技术的装机服务,可以选着性安装多个不同的操作系统
Cobbler 与 PXE 如何选择?
PXE: 适合环境中只需要安装同一操作系统即可,并且开机后不需介入
Cobbler: 适合环境中有多种操作系统的需求,开机后需人员选择安装的操作系统版本
- Cobbler 安装记录
yum install -y epel-release #配置 epel YUM 源
yum install -y cobbler cobbler-web pykickstart debmirror #安装 cobbler 所需依赖软件
systemctl restart httpd #开启 Apache 服务,即是管理页面也是镜像分享服务
systemctl restart cobblerd #开启 Cobbler 服务
netstat -an | grep 25151
vim /etc/cobbler/settings #修改 Cobbler 主配置文件
server
next_server
cobbler get-loaders #向代码主站发起获取必备数据
systemctl enable rsyncd #开启 rsync,Cobbler 借助 rsync 进行目录之间的内容同步
vim /etc/debmirror.conf #关闭非常规系统以及 32 位系统的安装
@dists="sid";
#@arches="i386";
openssl passwd -1 -salt $(openssl rand -hex 4) #创建与系统加密方案一直的密码,用于系统初始化密码
vim /etc/cobbler/settings #设置默认密码
default_password_crypted
yum install cman fence-agents #安装 Cobbler 隔离机制,防止重复安装,centos7 中没有cman 报错正常
vim /etc/xinetd.d/tftp #开启 tftp 服务器,centos7中需要安装 xinetd 软件包
disabled 改为 no
systemctl restart cobblerd
cobbler sync #进行自动同步文件
cobbler check #进行 Cobbler 自检
yum install -y dhcp
vim /etc/dhcp/dhcpd.conf #配置并开启 DHCP 服务
option domain-name "chinasoft.com";
option domain-name-servers 114.114.114.114,8.8.8.8;
default-lease-time 43200;
max-lease-time 86400;
log-facility local7;
subnet 20.0.0.0 netmask 255.0.0.0{
range 20.20.10.10 20.20.10.240;
option routers 20.20.20.20;
}
next-server 20.20.20.20;
filename="pxelinux.0";
systemctl restart httpd
systemctl enable tftp
systemctl enable dhcpd
systemctl start ftp
systemctl restart cobbblerd
mount -r /dev/cdrom /media
cobbler import --name="centos6.5-x86_64" -path=/media/ #导入镜像文件至Cobbler 服务中,可以通过访问:http:IP/cobbler/ 看到文件列表
cobbler distro list #查看已导入镜像
cp anaconda-ks.cfg /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/ #拷贝 KS 文件至默认 KS 存放目录
cd /var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/
vim centos6.5-x86_64.cfg
cobbler profile add -name=centos6.58-x86_64-basic --distro=centos6.5-x86_64 --kickstart=/var/lib/cobbler/kickstarts/centos6.5-x86_64.cfg #将已导入镜像文件与 KS 文件进行粘合
cobbler profile list #查看已有 KS 文件
cobbler sync
cobbler profile remove --name=centos6.7-x86_64 #删除对应的 KS 文件
cobbler distro remove --name=centos6.7-x86_64 #删除对应的镜像文件
- Centos6 KS 模板分享
#platform=x86,AMD64, 或 Inter EM64T
#version=DEVEL
#Firewall configuration
firewall --disabled
#Install OS instead of upgrade
install
#Use network installation
url --url="ftp://10.10.10.11/pub/dvd"
#Root password
rootpw --iscrypted $1$Avf.TcS5$qICcOlYLRtgGRo6z9f1am0
#System authorization information
auth --useshadow --passalgo=sha512
#Use graphical install
graphical
firstboot --disable
#System keyboard
keyboard us
#System language
lang en_US
#SELinux configuration
selinux --disabled
#Installation logging level
logging --level=info
#Reboot after installation
reboot
#System timezone
timezone Africa/Abidjan
#System bootloader configuration
bootloader --location=mbr
#Clear the Master Boot Record
zerombr
#Partition clearing information
clearpart --all --initlabel
#Disk partitioning information
part /boot --fstype="ext4" --size=600
part swap --fstype="swap" --size=4000
part / --fstype="ext4" --grow --size=1
%post --interpreter=/bin/bash
touch /root/1.txt
echo "123" >> /root/1.txt
echo "123" >> /root/1.txt
%end
%packages
@base
@chinese-support
@core
@debugging
@basic-desktop
@desktop-debugging
@desktop-platform
@directory-client
@fonts
@general-desktop
@graphical-admin-tools
@input-methods
@internet-applications
@internet-browser
@java-platform
@legacy-x
@network-file-system-client
@office-suite
@print-client
@remote-desktop-clients
@server-platform
@server-policy
@workstation-policy
@x11
mtools
pax
python-dmidecode
oddjob
wodim
sgpio
genisoimage
device-mapper-persistene-data
abrt-gui
samba-winbind
certmonger
pam_krb5
krb5-workstation
libXmu
%end
- Centos7 KS 模板分享
#Kickstart Configurator by Jason Zhao
#platform=x86,AMD64,or Inter EM64T
#System language
lang en_US
#System timezone
timezone Asia/Shanghai
#Root password
rootpw --iscrypted $default_password_crypted
#rootpw --iscrypted $1$ops-node$7hqdpgEmIE7Z0RbtQkxW20
#Use text mode install
text
#Install OS instead of upgrade
install
#Use NFS installation Media
url --url="http://20.20.20.20/cobbler/ks_mirror/CentOS-7-openstack-x86_64/"
#System bootloader configuration
bootloader --location=mbr
#Clear the Master Boot Record
zerombr
#Partition clearning information
clearpart --all --initlabel
#Disk partitioning information
part /boot --fstype xfs --size 1024 --ondisk sda
part swap --size 4000 --ondisk sda
part / --fstype xfs --size 1 --grow --ondisk sda
#System authorzation information
auth --useshadow --enablemd5
#Network information
$SNIPPET('network_config')
#network --bootproto=dhcp --device=eth0 --onboot=on
#Reboot after installation
reboot
#Firewall configuration
firewall --disabled
#SELinux configuration
selinux --disabled
#Do not configure XWindows
skipx
%pre
$SNIPPET('log_ks_pre').
$SNIPPET('kickstart_start')
$SNIPPET('pre_install_network_config')
#Enable installation monitoring
$SNIPPET('pre_anamon')
%end
#Package install information
%packages
@base
@core
%end