1.介绍
1.1 I2C总线原理
1.1.1 什么是I2C总线？
I2C即Inter IC，由Philips公司开发，是当今电子设计中应用非常广泛的串行总线之一，主要用于电压、温度监控，EEPROM(电可擦可编程只读存储器)数据的读写，光模块的管理等。I2C总线只有两根线，SCL和SDA，SCL即Serial Clock，串行时钟，SDA即Serial Data，串行数据。
1.1.2 I2C总线的速率能达到多少？
标准模式下：100Kbps
快速模式下：400Kbps
高速模式下：3.4Mbps
I2C总线结构如下图所示：
如上图所示，I2C是OC或OD输出结构，使用时必须在芯片外部进行上拉，上拉电阻R的取值根据I2C总线上所挂器件数量及I2C总线的速率有关，一般是标准模式下R选择10kohm，快速模式下R选取1kohm，I2C总线上挂的I2C器件越多，就要求I2C的驱动能力越强，R的取值就要越小，实际设计中，一般是先选取4.7kohm上拉电阻，然后在调试的时候根据实测的I2C波形再调整R的值。
1.1.3 I2C总线上最多能挂多少个I2C器件？
I2C总线上允许挂接I2C器件的数量由两个条件决定：
1.I2C从设备的地址位数。I2C标准中有7位地址和10位地址两种。如果是7位地址，允许挂接的I2C器件数量为：27＝128，如果是10位地址，允许挂接的I2C器件数量为：210＝1024，一般I2C总线上挂接的I2C器件不会太多，所以现在几乎所有的I2C器件都使用7位地址。
2.挂在I2C总线上所有I2C器件的管脚寄生电容之和。I2C总线规范要求，I2C总线容性负载最大不能超过470pF。
1.1.4 I2C总线是如何工作的？
1. I2C总线传输的特点
I2C总线按字节传输，即每次传输8bits二进制数据，传输完毕后等待接收端的应答信号ACK，收到应答信号后再传输下一字节。等不到ACK信号后，传输终止。空闲情况下，SCL和SDA都处于高电平状态。
2. 如何判断一次传输的开始？
如上图所示，I2C总线传输开始的标志是：SCL信号处于高电平期间，SDA信号出现一个由高电平向低电平的跳变。
3. 如何判断一次传输的结束？
如上图所示，I2C总线传输结束的标志是：SCL信号处于高电平期间，SDA信号出现一个由低电平向高电平的跳变。跟开始标识正好相反。
4.什么样的I2C数据才是有效的?
在SCL处于高电平期间，SDA保持状态稳定的数据才是有效数据，只有在SCL处于低电平状态时，SDA才允许状态切换。因为SCL高电平时的SDA改变是开始/结束。（时钟高电平可以看成数据锁）
5. I2C总线的主要时序参数有哪些？
I2C总线的主要时序参数有：开始建立时间 t SU:STA (Set Up Start)，开始保持时间t HD:STA (Hold Start)，数据建立时间t SU:DAT (Set Up Data)，数据保持时间t HD:DAT ，结束建立时间t SU:STO。如下图所示：
开始的建立时间：SCL上升至高电平与SDA下降至脱离高电平的时间间隔；
开始的保持时间：SDA下降至低电平与SCL下降至低电平的时间间隔；
数据的建立时间：SDA电平改变到位与SCL上升至脱离低电平的时间间隔；
数据的保持时间：SCL下降至低电平与SDA脱离原电平(如需)之间的时间间隔；
结束的建立时间：SCL上升至高电平与SDA上升至高电平之间的时间间隔；
I2C总线的时序参数要求（电压要求可以是 0.1Vcc 和 0.9Vcc）：
I2C总线如何进行读写操作？
（slave address： 从地址，从设备的地址）
如上图所示，I2C开始传输时，第一个字节的前7bit是地址信息(7位地址器件)，第8bit是操作标识，为“0”时表示写操作，为“1”时表示读操作，第9个时钟周期是应答信号ACK，低有效，高电平表示无应答，传输终止。由图可知，写操作时，一般由主设备进行终止操作；读操作时，主控制器收完最后一个数据，不应答从设备，传输终止。
另，ZLG所引用的I2C规定：
2.查看i2c源代码
2.1 24cXX.c
/***************************************************************************
copyright : (C) by 2003-2004 Stefano Barbato
email : stefano@codesink.org
$Id: 24cXX.h,v 1.6 2004/02/29 11:05:28 tat Exp $
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify *
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by *
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or *
* (at your option) any later version. *
* *
***************************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <linux/fs.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/ioctl.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <assert.h>
#include <string.h>
#include "24cXX.h"
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_access(int file, char read_write, __u8 command,
int size, union i2c_smbus_data *data)
{
struct i2c_smbus_ioctl_data args;
args.read_write = read_write;
args.command = command;
args.size = size;
args.data = data;
return ioctl(file,I2C_SMBUS,&args);
}
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_quick(int file, __u8 value)
{
return i2c_smbus_access(file,value,0,I2C_SMBUS_QUICK,NULL);
}
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte(int file)
{
union i2c_smbus_data data;
if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,0,I2C_SMBUS_BYTE,&data))
return -1;
else
return 0x0FF & data.byte;
}
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte(int file, __u8 value)
{
return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,value,
I2C_SMBUS_BYTE,NULL);
}
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_byte_data(int file, __u8 command)
{
union i2c_smbus_data data;
if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,command,
I2C_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA,&data))
return -1;
else
return 0x0FF & data.byte;
}
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(int file, __u8 command,
__u8 value)
{
union i2c_smbus_data data;
data.byte = value;
return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
I2C_SMBUS_BYTE_DATA, &data);
}
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_word_data(int file, __u8 command)
{
union i2c_smbus_data data;
if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,command,
I2C_SMBUS_WORD_DATA,&data))
return -1;
else
return 0x0FFFF & data.word;
}
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_word_data(int file, __u8 command,
__u16 value)
{
union i2c_smbus_data data;
data.word = value;
return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
I2C_SMBUS_WORD_DATA, &data);
}
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_process_call(int file, __u8 command, __u16 value)
{
union i2c_smbus_data data;
data.word = value;
if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
I2C_SMBUS_PROC_CALL,&data))
return -1;
else
return 0x0FFFF & data.word;
}
/* Returns the number of read bytes */
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_block_data(int file, __u8 command,
__u8 *values)
{
union i2c_smbus_data data;
int i;
if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,command,
I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA,&data))
return -1;
else {
for (i = 1; i <= data.block[0]; i++)
values[i-1] = data.block[i];
return data.block[0];
}
}
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_block_data(int file, __u8 command,
__u8 length, __u8 *values)
{
union i2c_smbus_data data;
int i;
if (length > 32)
length = 32;
for (i = 1; i <= length; i++)
data.block[i] = values[i-1];
data.block[0] = length;
return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_DATA, &data);
}
/* Returns the number of read bytes */
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_read_i2c_block_data(int file, __u8 command,
__u8 *values)
{
union i2c_smbus_data data;
int i;
if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_READ,command,
I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_DATA,&data))
return -1;
else {
for (i = 1; i <= data.block[0]; i++)
values[i-1] = data.block[i];
return data.block[0];
}
}
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_write_i2c_block_data(int file, __u8 command,
__u8 length, __u8 *values)
{
union i2c_smbus_data data;
int i;
if (length > 32)
length = 32;
for (i = 1; i <= length; i++)
data.block[i] = values[i-1];
data.block[0] = length;
return i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
I2C_SMBUS_I2C_BLOCK_DATA, &data);
}
/* Returns the number of read bytes */
static inline __s32 i2c_smbus_block_process_call(int file, __u8 command,
__u8 length, __u8 *values)
{
union i2c_smbus_data data;
int i;
if (length > 32)
length = 32;
for (i = 1; i <= length; i++)
data.block[i] = values[i-1];
data.block[0] = length;
if (i2c_smbus_access(file,I2C_SMBUS_WRITE,command,
I2C_SMBUS_BLOCK_PROC_CALL,&data))
return -1;
else {
for (i = 1; i <= data.block[0]; i++)
values[i-1] = data.block[i];
return data.block[0];
}
}
static int i2c_write_1b(struct eeprom *e, __u8 buf)
{
int r;
// we must simulate a plain I2C byte write with SMBus functions
r = i2c_smbus_write_byte(e->fd, buf);
if(r < 0)
fprintf(stderr, "Error i2c_write_1b: %s\n", strerror(errno));
usleep(10);
return r;
}
static int i2c_write_2b(struct eeprom *e, __u8 buf[2])
{
int r;
// we must simulate a plain I2C byte write with SMBus functions
r = i2c_smbus_write_byte_data(e->fd, buf[0], buf[1]);
if(r < 0)
fprintf(stderr, "Error i2c_write_2b: %s\n", strerror(errno));
usleep(10);
return r;
}
static int i2c_write_3b(struct eeprom *e, __u8 buf[3])
{
int r;
// we must simulate a plain I2C byte write with SMBus functions
// the __u16 data field will be byte swapped by the SMBus protocol
r = i2c_smbus_write_word_data(e->fd, buf[0], buf[2] << 8 | buf[1]);
if(r < 0)
fprintf(stderr, "Error i2c_write_3b: %s\n", strerror(errno));
usleep(10);
return r;
}
#define CHECK_I2C_FUNC( var, label ) \
do { if(0 == (var & label)) { \
fprintf(stderr, "\nError: " \
#label " function is required. Program halted.\n\n"); \
exit(1); } \
} while(0);
int eeprom_open(char *dev_fqn, int addr, int type, struct eeprom* e)
{
int funcs, fd, r;
e->fd = e->addr = 0;
e->dev = 0;
fd = open(dev_fqn, O_RDWR);
if(fd <= 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error eeprom_open: %s\n", strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
// get funcs list
if((r = ioctl(fd, I2C_FUNCS, &funcs) < 0))
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error eeprom_open: %s\n", strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
// check for req funcs
CHECK_I2C_FUNC( funcs, I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BYTE );
CHECK_I2C_FUNC( funcs, I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE );
CHECK_I2C_FUNC( funcs, I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_BYTE_DATA );
CHECK_I2C_FUNC( funcs, I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_BYTE_DATA );
CHECK_I2C_FUNC( funcs, I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_READ_WORD_DATA );
CHECK_I2C_FUNC( funcs, I2C_FUNC_SMBUS_WRITE_WORD_DATA );
// set working device
if( ( r = ioctl(fd, I2C_SLAVE, addr)) < 0)
{
fprintf(stderr, "Error eeprom_open: %s\n", strerror(errno));
return -1;
}
e->fd = fd;
e->addr = addr;
e->dev = dev_fqn;
e->type = type;
return 0;
}
int eeprom_close(struct eeprom *e)
{
close(e->fd);
e->fd = -1;
e->dev = 0;
e->type = EEPROM_TYPE_UNKNOWN;
return 0;
}
#if 0
int eeprom_24c32_write_byte(struct eeprom *e, __u16 mem_addr, __u8 data)
{
__u8 buf[3] = { (mem_addr >> 8) & 0x00ff, mem_addr & 0x00ff, data };
return i2c_write_3b(e, buf);
}
int eeprom_24c32_read_current_byte(struct eeprom* e)
{
ioctl(e->fd, BLKFLSBUF); // clear kernel read buffer
return i2c_smbus_read_byte(e->fd);
}
int eeprom_24c32_read_byte(struct eeprom* e, __u16 mem_addr)
{
int r;
ioctl(e->fd, BLKFLSBUF); // clear kernel read buffer
__u8 buf[2] = { (mem_addr >> 8) & 0x0ff, mem_addr & 0x0ff };
r = i2c_write_2b(e, buf);
if (r < 0)
return r;
r = i2c_smbus_read_byte(e->fd);
return r;
}
#endif
int eeprom_read_current_byte(struct eeprom* e)
{
ioctl(e->fd, BLKFLSBUF); // clear kernel read buffer
return i2c_smbus_read_byte(e->fd);
}
int eeprom_read_byte(struct eeprom* e, __u16 mem_addr)
{
int r;
ioctl(e->fd, BLKFLSBUF); // clear kernel read buffer
if(e->type == EEPROM_TYPE_8BIT_ADDR)
{
__u8 buf = mem_addr & 0x0ff;
r = i2c_write_1b(e, buf);
} else if(e->type == EEPROM_TYPE_16BIT_ADDR) {
__u8 buf[2] = { (mem_addr >> 8) & 0x0ff, mem_addr & 0x0ff };
r = i2c_write_2b(e, buf);
} else {
fprintf(stderr, "ERR: unknown eeprom type\n");
return -1;
}
if (r < 0)
return r;
r = i2c_smbus_read_byte(e->fd);
return r;
}
int eeprom_write_byte(struct eeprom *e, __u16 mem_addr, __u8 data)
{
if(e->type == EEPROM_TYPE_8BIT_ADDR) {
__u8 buf[2] = { mem_addr & 0x00ff, data };
return i2c_write_2b(e, buf);
} else if(e->type == EEPROM_TYPE_16BIT_ADDR) {
__u8 buf[3] =
{ (mem_addr >> 8) & 0x00ff, mem_addr & 0x00ff, data };
return i2c_write_3b(e, buf);
}
fprintf(stderr, "ERR: unknown eeprom type\n");
return -1;
}2.2 24cXX.h
/***************************************************************************
copyright : (C) by 2003-2004 Stefano Barbato
email : stefano@codesink.org
$Id: 24cXX.h,v 1.6 2004/02/29 11:05:28 tat Exp $
***************************************************************************/
/***************************************************************************
* *
* This program is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify *
* it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by *
* the Free Software Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or *
* (at your option) any later version. *
* *
***************************************************************************/
#ifndef _24CXX_H_
#define _24CXX_H_
#include <linux/i2c-dev.h>
#include <linux/i2c.h>
#define EEPROM_TYPE_UNKNOWN 0
#define EEPROM_TYPE_8BIT_ADDR 1
#define EEPROM_TYPE_16BIT_ADDR 2
struct eeprom
{
char *dev; // device file i.e. /dev/i2c-N
int addr; // i2c address
int fd; // file descriptor
int type; // eeprom type
};
/*
* opens the eeprom device at [dev_fqn] (i.e. /dev/i2c-N) whose address is
* [addr] and set the eeprom_24c32 [e]
*/
int eeprom_open(char *dev_fqn, int addr, int type, struct eeprom*);
/*
* closees the eeprom device [e]
*/
int eeprom_close(struct eeprom *e);
/*
* read and returns the eeprom byte at memory address [mem_addr]
* Note: eeprom must have been selected by ioctl(fd,I2C_SLAVE,address)
*/
int eeprom_read_byte(struct eeprom* e, __u16 mem_addr);
/*
* read the current byte
* Note: eeprom must have been selected by ioctl(fd,I2C_SLAVE,address)
*/
int eeprom_read_current_byte(struct eeprom *e);
/*
* writes [data] at memory address [mem_addr]
* Note: eeprom must have been selected by ioctl(fd,I2C_SLAVE,address)
*/
int eeprom_write_byte(struct eeprom *e, __u16 mem_addr, __u8 data);
#endif2.3 eeprog.c
/***************************************************************************
copyright : (C) by 2009 Guangzhou FriendlyaRM, in China
email : capbily@163.com
website : arm9.net
***************************************************************************/
#include <stdio.h>
#include <fcntl.h>
#include <getopt.h>
#include <unistd.h>
#include <stdlib.h>
#include <errno.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <sys/types.h>
#include <sys/stat.h>
#include "24cXX.h"
#define DEVICE_FILE_STRING "/dev/i2c/0"
#define DEVICE_ADDRESS 0x50
#define usage_if(a) do { do_usage_if( a , __LINE__); } while(0);
void do_usage_if(int b, int line) {
const static char *eeprog_usage =
"I2C-24C08(256 bytes) Read/Write Program, ONLY FOR TEST!\n"
"FriendlyARM Computer Tech. 2009\n";
if(!b)
return;
fprintf(stderr, "%s\n[line %d]\n", eeprog_usage, line);
exit(1);
}
#define die_if(a, msg) do { do_die_if( a , msg, __LINE__); } while(0);
void do_die_if(int b, char* msg, int line) {
if(!b)
return;
fprintf(stderr, "Error at line %d: %s\n", line, msg);
fprintf(stderr, " sysmsg: %s\n", strerror(errno));
exit(1);
}
static int read_from_eeprom(struct eeprom *e, int addr, int size) {
int ch, i;
for(i = 0; i < size; ++i, ++addr) {
die_if((ch = eeprom_read_byte(e, addr)) < 0, "read error");
if( (i % 16) == 0 )
printf("\n %.4x| ", addr);
else if( (i % 8) == 0 )
printf(" ");
printf("%.2x ", ch);
fflush(stdout);
}
fprintf(stderr, "\n\n");
}
static int write_to_eeprom(struct eeprom *e, int addr) {
int i;
for(i=0, addr=0; i<256; i++, addr++) {
if( (i % 16) == 0 )
printf("\n %.4x| ", addr);
else if( (i % 8) == 0 )
printf(" ");
printf("%.2x ", i);
fflush(stdout);
die_if(eeprom_write_byte(e, addr, i), "write error");
}
fprintf(stderr, "\n\n");
return 0;
}
int main(int argc, char** argv) {
struct eeprom e;
int op;
op = 0;
usage_if(argc != 2 || argv[1][0] != '-' || argv[1][2] != '\0');
op = argv[1][1];
//TODO: 将数字改为自己的学号。
write(STDOUT_FILENO, "APP for 123456789012345 ...\n", strlen("APP for 123456789012345 ...\n"));
fprintf(stderr, "Open %s with 8bit mode\n", DEVICE_FILE_STRING);
die_if(eeprom_open(DEVICE_FILE_STRING, DEVICE_ADDRESS, EEPROM_TYPE_8BIT_ADDR, &e) < 0,
"unable to open eeprom device file "
"(check that the file exists and that it's readable)");
switch(op) {
case 'r':
fprintf(stderr, " Reading 256 bytes from 0x0\n");
read_from_eeprom(&e, 0, 256);
break;
case 'w':
fprintf(stderr, " Writing 0x00-0xff into 24C08 \n");
write_to_eeprom(&e, 0);
break;
default:
usage_if(1);
exit(1);
}
eeprom_close(&e);
return 0;
}3.编译并在Ubuntu运行
4.思考题
4.1 I2C总线的优点是什么？
I2C总线最主要的优点是其简单性和有效性。由于接口直接在组件之上，因此I2C总线占用的空间非常小，减少了电路板的空间和芯片管脚的数量，降低了互联成本。总线的长度可高达25英尺，并且能够以10Kbps的最大传输速率支持40个组件。I2C总线的另一个优点是，它支持多主控(multimastering)，其中任何能够进行发送和接收的设备都可以成为主总线。一个主控能够控制信号的传输和时钟频率。当然，在任何时间点上只能有一个主控。
4.2 I2C总线的启动信号和结束信号有什么特点？
启动信号：SCL为高电平时，SDA由高电平向低电平跳变，开始传送数据。
结束信号：SCL为高电平时，SDA由低电平向高电平跳变，结束传送数据。
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