#mysql基础
##mysql的程序组成
客户端
mysql:CLI交互式客户端程序
mysql_secure_installation:安全初始化,强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
mysqldump:mysql备份工具
mysqladmin
服务器端
mysqld
mysql工具使用
-V //查看当前使用的mysql版本
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -V
mysql Ver 14.14 Distrib 5.7.38, for Linux (x86_64) using EditLine wrapper
-uUSERNAME //指定用户名,默认为root
-hHOST //指定服务器主机,默认为localhost,推荐使用ip地址
-pPASSWORD //指定用户的密码
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p1123
-P# //指定数据库监听的端口,这里的#需用实际的端口号代替,如-P3307
###服务器监听的两种socket地址
mysql数据库操作
数值
|数值类型| 大小(bytes)| 范围(有符号) |范围(无符号) |用途|
|-|
|tinyint| 1| (-128,127)| (0,255) |小整数值|
|smallint |2| (-32768,32767) |(0,65535)| 大整数值|
|mediumint |3| (-8388608,8388607)| (0,16777215)| 大整数值|
|int 或 integer| 4| (-2147483648,2147483647)| (0,4294967295)| 大整数|
|bigint| 8 |(-9,223,372,036,854,775,808,9 223 372 036 854 775 807) |(0,18 446 744 073 709 551 615)| 极大整数值|
|float| 4| (-3.402 823 466 E+38,-1.175 494 351 E-38),0,(1.175 494 351 E-38,3.402 823 466 351 E+38))| 0,(1.175 494 351 E-38,3.402 823 466 E+38)| 单精度,浮点数值|
|double |8| (-1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308,-2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308),0,(2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308,1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308)| 0,(2.225 073 858 507 201 4 E-308,1.797 693 134 862 315 7 E+308)| 双精度,浮点数值|
|decimal |对 decimal(M,D) ,如果 M>D ,为 M+2 否则为 D+2| 依赖于 M 和 D 的值| 依赖于 M 和 D 的值| 小数值|
日期和时间:
|数值类型| 大小(bytes)| 范围| 格式 |用途|
|-|
|date |3| 1000-01-01/9999-12-31| YYYY-MM-DD| 日期值|
|time |3 |‘-838:59:59’/‘838:59:59’ |HH:MM:SS| 时间值或持续时间|year| 1 |1901/2155| YYYY| 年份值|
|datetime| 8| 1000-01-01 00:00:00/9999-12-31 23:59:59| YYYY-MM-DD HH:MM:SS| 混合日期和时间值|
|timestamp| 4 |1970-01-01 00:00:00/2038结束时间是第 2147483647 秒,北京时间 2038-1-19 11:14:07,格林尼治时间 2038年1月19日 凌晨 03:14:07 |YYYYMMDDHHMMSS |混合日期和时间值,时间戳|
字符串
|数值类型| 大小(bytes)| 用途|
|-|
|char| 0~255| 定长字符串|
|varchar |0~65535| 变长字符串|
|tinyblob| 0~255| 不超过 255 个字符的二进制字符串|
|tinytext| 0~255| 短文本字符串|
|blob |0~65535 |二进制形式的长文本数据|
|text |0~65535| 长文本数据|
|mediumblob 0~16777215 |二进制形式的中等长度文本数据|
|mediumtext| 0~16777215 |中等长度文本数据|
|longblob| 0~4294967295 |二进制形式的极大文本数据|
|longtext| 0~4294967295| 极大文本数据|
DDL操作
####数据库操作
创建数据库
mysql> create database tnt;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
查看当前实例有哪些数据库
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| tnt |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.02 sec)
删除数据库
mysql> drop database if exists tnt
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
####表操作
创建表
mysql> use tnt
Database changed
mysql> create table linux(id int not null,name varchar(10) not null,age tinyint(2));
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.05 sec)
查看当前数据库有哪些表
mysql> show tables;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_tnt |
+---------------+
| linux |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
删除表
mysql> drop table tnt
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
####用户操作
IP地址,如:172.16.12.129
通配符
%:匹配任意长度的任意字符,常用于设置允许从任何主机登录
_:匹配任意单个字符
####查看命令show
查看支持的所有字符集
mysql> show character set;
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
| dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
| cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
| hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
| koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1
......
......
查看当前数据库支持的所有存储引擎
mysql> show engines;
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| Engine | Support | Comment | Transactions | XA | Savepoints |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| InnoDB | DEFAULT | Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys | YES | YES | YES |
| MRG_MYISAM | YES | Collection of identical MyISAM tables | NO | NO | NO |
| MEMORY | YES | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables | NO | NO | NO |
| BLACKHOLE | YES | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO | NO | NO |
| MyISAM | YES | MyISAM storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| CSV | YES | CSV storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| ARCHIVE | YES | Archive storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES | Performance Schema | NO | NO | NO |
| FEDERATED | NO | Federated MySQL storage engine | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
查看数据库信息
ysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
| tnt |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.02 sec)
不进入某数据库而列出其包含的所有表
mysql> show tables from tnt;
+---------------+
| Tables_in_tnt |
+---------------+
| linux |
+---------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看表结构
ysql> desc tnt.linux;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(10) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(2) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
查看某表的创建命令
ysql> show create table linux;
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Table | Create Table |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
| linux | CREATE TABLE `linux` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`name` varchar(10) NOT NULL,
`age` tinyint(2) DEFAULT NULL
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=latin1 |
+-------+-------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
查看某表的状态
mysql> show table status like 'linux'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
Name: linux
Engine: InnoDB
Version: 10
Row_format: Dynamic
Rows: 0
Avg_row_length: 0
Data_length: 16384
Max_data_length: 0
Index_length: 0
Data_free: 0
Auto_increment: NULL
Create_time: 2022-07-25 20:40:09
Update_time: NULL
Check_time: NULL
Collation: latin1_swedish_ci
Checksum: NULL
Create_options:
Comment:
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
####获取帮助
获取创建表的帮助
mysql> HELP CREATE TABLE;
###DML操作
DML操作包括增(INSERT)、删(DELETE)、改(UPDATE)、查(SELECT),均属针对表的操作。
####INSERT语句
DML操作之增操作insert
插入一条信息
mysql> insert into linux(id,name,age) value(1,'mjq',20);
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
####SELECT语句
字段column表示法
|表示符|代表什么|
|-|
|*|所有字段|
|as|字段别名,如col1 AS alias1当表名很长时用别名代替|
mysql> select * from linux;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | mjq | 20 |
| 2 | dcx | 20 |
| 3 | syx | 18 |
| 4 | lyw | 16 |
| 5 | zzy | 19 |
| 6 | yhx | 17 |
| 7 | hjl | 18 |
+----+------+------+
7 rows in set (0.01 sec)
条件判断语句WHERE
|操作类型|常用操作符|
|-|
|操作符|> < >= <= = != BETWEEN column# AND column# LIKE:模糊匹配 RLIKE:基于正则表达式进行模式匹配 IS NOT NULL:非空 IS NULL:空|
|条件逻辑操作|AND OR NOT|
mysql> select * from linux where age >19;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | mjq | 20 |
| 2 | dcx | 20 |
+----+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
<
mysql> select * from linux where age <19;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 3 | syx | 18 |
| 4 | lyw | 16 |
| 6 | yhx | 17 |
| 7 | hjl | 18 |
+----+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
=
mysql> select * from linux where age =16;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 4 | lyw | 16 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
=
mysql> select * from linux where age >=18;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | mjq | 20 |
| 2 | dcx | 20 |
| 3 | syx | 18 |
| 5 | zzy | 19 |
| 7 | hjl | 18 |
+----+------+------+
5 rows in set (0.01 sec)
<=
mysql> select * from linux where age <19;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 3 | syx | 18 |
| 4 | lyw | 16 |
| 6 | yhx | 17 |
| 7 | hjl | 18 |
+----+------+------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
!=
mysql> select * from linux where age !=19;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | mjq | 20 |
| 2 | dcx | 20 |
| 3 | syx | 18 |
| 4 | lyw | 16 |
| 6 | yhx | 17 |
| 7 | hjl | 18 |
+----+------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
BETWEEN column# AND column#
mysql> select * from linux where age between 18 an 20;
ERROR 1064 (42000): You have an error in your SQL syntax; check the manual that corresponds to your MySQL server version for the right syntax to use near 'an 20' at line 1
mysql> select * from linux where age between 18 and 20;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | mjq | 20 |
| 2 | dcx | 20 |
| 3 | syx | 18 |
| 5 | zzy | 19 |
| 7 | hjl | 18 |
+----+------+------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
LIKE:模糊匹配
mysql> select * from linux where name like '%m%';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | mjq | 20 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
RLIKE:基于正则表达式进行模式匹配
IS NOT NULL:非空
and
mysql> select * from linux where name = 'mjq' and id ='1';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | mjq | 20 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
or
mysql> select * from linux where id = '3' or age ='18';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 3 | syx | 18 |
| 7 | hjl | 18 |
+----+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
not
mysql> select * from linux where not name = 'mjq';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 2 | dcx | 20 |
| 3 | syx | 18 |
| 4 | lyw | 16 |
| 5 | zzy | 19 |
| 6 | yhx | 17 |
| 7 | hjl | 18 |
+----+------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
ORDER BY:排序,默认为升序(ASC)
|ORDER BY语句|意义|
|-|
|ORDER BY ‘column_name’|根据column_name进行升序排序|
|ORDER BY ‘column_name’ DESC|根据column_name进行降序排序|
|ORDER BY ’column_name’ LIMIT 2| 根据column_name进行升序排序并只取前2个结果|
|ORDER BY ‘column_name’ LIMIT 1,2|根据column_name进行升序排序并且略过第1个结果取后面的2个结果|
升序
mysql> select * from linux order by age;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 4 | lyw | 16 |
| 6 | yhx | 17 |
| 3 | syx | 18 |
| 7 | hjl | 18 |
| 5 | zzy | 19 |
| 1 | mjq | 20 |
| 2 | dcx | 20 |
+----+------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
倒叙
mysql> select * from linux order by age desc;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | mjq | 20 |
| 2 | dcx | 20 |
| 5 | zzy | 19 |
| 3 | syx | 18 |
| 7 | hjl | 18 |
| 6 | yhx | 17 |
| 4 | lyw | 16 |
+----+------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
升叙只取前面两个
mysql> select * from linux order by age limit 2;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 4 | lyw | 16 |
| 6 | yhx | 17 |
+----+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
升序跳过第一个取后没面两个
mysql> select * from linux order by age limit 1,2;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 6 | yhx | 17 |
| 7 | hjl | 18 |
+----+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
####update语句
DML操作之改操作update
mysql> update linux set age =22 where id ='3';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from linux ;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | mjq | 20 |
| 2 | dcx | 20 |
| 3 | syx | 22 |
| 4 | lyw | 16 |
| 5 | zzy | 19 |
| 6 | yhx | 17 |
| 7 | hjl | 18 |
+----+------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
####delete语句
DML操作之删操作delete
mysql> delete from linux where name = 'mjq';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from linux ;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 2 | dcx | 20 |
| 3 | syx | 22 |
| 4 | lyw | 16 |
| 5 | zzy | 19 |
| 6 | yhx | 17 |
| 7 | hjl | 18 |
+----+------+------+
6 rows in set (0.00 sec)
删除整张表的内容
mysql> delete from linux;
####truncate语句
truncate与delete的区别:
delete特点 :DELETE删除表内容时仅删除内容,但会保留表结构
DELETE语句每次删除一行,并在事务日志中为所删除的每行记录一项
可以通过回滚事务日志恢复数据
非常占用空间
truncate特点:删除表中所有数据,且无法恢复
表结构、约束和索引等保持不变,新添加的行计数值重置为初始值
执行速度比DELETE快,且使用的系统和事务日志资源少
通过释放存储表数据所用的数据页来删除数据,并且只在事务日志中记录页的释放
对于有外键约束引用的表,不能使用TRUNCATE TABLE删除数据
不能用于加入了索引视图的表
###DCL操作
####创建授权grant
权限类型(priv_type)
|权限类型|代表什么?|
|-|
|ALL|所有权限|
|SELECT|读取内容的权限|
|INSERT|插入内容的权限|
|UPDATE|更新内容的权限|
|DELETE|删除内容的权限|
指定要操作的对象db_name.table_name
|表示方式|意义|
|-|
|.|所有库的所有表|
|db_name| 指定库的所有表|
|db_name.table_name|指定库的指定表|
WITH GRANT OPTION:被授权的用户可将自己的权限副本转赠给其他用户,说白点就是将自己的权限完全复制给另一个用户。不建议使用。
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'root'@'%' identified by '1123777';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)
mysql> grant all on *.* to 'root'@'192.168.17.131' identified by '1123777';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.01 sec)
刷新
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> select * from tnt.linux;
+----+---------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+---------+------+
| 1 | majiaqi | 20 |
+----+---------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
####查看授权
mysql> show grants for 'root'@'192.168.17.130';
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for root@192.168.17.130 |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'192.168.17.130' |
+--------------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
####取消授权REVOKE
mysql> revoke all on *.* from 'root'@'192.168.17.130';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)