在前面的章节中, 学习了Nova的WSGI相关的服务器创建及路由的基本原理。现在看看Deploy中的流水线操作。
在api-paste.ini中, 可以看出Nova API有以下的流水线。
[composite:openstack_compute_api_v2]
use = call:nova.api.auth:pipeline_factory
noauth = faultwrap sizelimit noauth ratelimit osapi_compute_app_v2
keystone = faultwrap sizelimit authtoken keystonecontext ratelimit osapi_compute_app_v2
keystone_nolimit = faultwrap sizelimit authtoken keystonecontext osapi_compute_app_v2
看过之前章节的就明白, 这里使用的是keystone这条流水线。下面一个一个来分析下。
faultwrap
[filter:faultwrap]
paste.filter_factory = nova.api.openstack:FaultWrapper.factory
class FaultWrapper(wsgi.Middleware):
"""Calls the middleware stack, captures any exceptions into faults."""
@webob.dec.wsgify(RequestClass=wsgi.Request)
def __call__(self, req):
try:
return req.get_response(self.application)
except Exception as ex:
LOG.exception(_("FaultWrapper: %s"), unicode(ex))
return faults.Fault(webob.exc.HTTPInternalServerError())
可以看出, 这个非常简单, 只是获得一个response对象。
sizelimit
[filter:sizelimit]
paste.filter_factory = nova.api.sizelimit:RequestBodySizeLimiter.factory
class RequestBodySizeLimiter(wsgi.Middleware):
"""Limit the size of incoming requests."""
def __init__(self, *args, **kwargs):
super(RequestBodySizeLimiter, self).__init__(*args, **kwargs)
@webob.dec.wsgify(RequestClass=wsgi.Request)
def __call__(self, req):
if req.content_length > CONF.osapi_max_request_body_size:
msg = _("Request is too large.")
raise webob.exc.HTTPRequestEntityTooLarge(explanation=msg)
if req.content_length is None and req.is_body_readable:
limiter = LimitingReader(req.body_file,
CONF.osapi_max_request_body_size)
req.body_file = limiter
return self.application
这个就像它的名字一样, 只是检查了REST请求中的内容大小。
authtoken
[filter:authtoken]
paste.filter_factory = keystoneclient.middleware.auth_token:filter_factory
auth_host = 127.0.0.1
auth_port = 35357
auth_protocol = http
admin_tenant_name = %SERVICE_TENANT_NAME%
admin_user = %SERVICE_USER%
admin_password = %SERVICE_PASSWORD%
# signing_dir is configurable, but the default behavior of the authtoken
# middleware should be sufficient. It will create a temporary directory
# in the home directory for the user the nova process is running as.
#signing_dir = /var/lib/nova/keystone-signing
# Workaround for https://bugs.launchpad.net/nova/+bug/1154809
auth_version = v2.0
在这里, 我没有去下载keystoneclient的代码。所以就没法去从代码的角度分析实际的操作。但是如果之前有看过keystone的文章。这里其实很清楚。就是从当前的REST请求中, 取出token, 然后发给keystone服务,再返回验证结果。
keystonecontext
[filter:keystonecontext]
paste.filter_factory = nova.api.auth:NovaKeystoneContext.factory
class NovaKeystoneContext(wsgi.Middleware):
"""Make a request context from keystone headers."""
@webob.dec.wsgify(RequestClass=wsgi.Request)
def __call__(self, req):
user_id = req.headers.get('X_USER')
user_id = req.headers.get('X_USER_ID', user_id)
if user_id is None:
LOG.debug("Neither X_USER_ID nor X_USER found in request")
return webob.exc.HTTPUnauthorized()
roles = self._get_roles(req)
if 'X_TENANT_ID' in req.headers:
# This is the new header since Keystone went to ID/Name
project_id = req.headers['X_TENANT_ID']
else:
# This is for legacy compatibility
project_id = req.headers['X_TENANT']
project_name = req.headers.get('X_TENANT_NAME')
user_name = req.headers.get('X_USER_NAME')
# Get the auth token
auth_token = req.headers.get('X_AUTH_TOKEN',
req.headers.get('X_STORAGE_TOKEN'))
# Build a context, including the auth_token...
remote_address = req.remote_addr
if CONF.use_forwarded_for:
remote_address = req.headers.get('X-Forwarded-For', remote_address)
service_catalog = None
if req.headers.get('X_SERVICE_CATALOG') is not None:
try:
catalog_header = req.headers.get('X_SERVICE_CATALOG')
service_catalog = jsonutils.loads(catalog_header)
except ValueError:
raise webob.exc.HTTPInternalServerError(
_('Invalid service catalog json.'))
ctx = context.RequestContext(user_id,
project_id,
user_name=user_name,
project_name=project_name,
roles=roles,
auth_token=auth_token,
remote_address=remote_address,
service_catalog=service_catalog)
req.environ['nova.context'] = ctx
return self.application
def _get_roles(self, req):
"""Get the list of roles."""
if 'X_ROLES' in req.headers:
roles = req.headers.get('X_ROLES', '')
else:
# Fallback to deprecated role header:
roles = req.headers.get('X_ROLE', '')
if roles:
LOG.warn(_("Sourcing roles from deprecated X-Role HTTP "
"header"))
return [r.strip() for r in roles.split(',')]
从代码可以看出, 这段代码的目的就是从当前HTTP 头中取出相对于的上下文环境, 以方便后面的环节使用。
ratelimit
[filter:ratelimit]
paste.filter_factory = nova.api.openstack.compute.limits:RateLimitingMiddleware.factory
这是一个基本漏桶的限速模型。
class RateLimitingMiddleware(base_wsgi.Middleware):
"""
Rate-limits requests passing through this middleware. All limit information
is stored in memory for this implementation.
"""
def __init__(self, application, limits=None, limiter=None, **kwargs):
"""
Initialize new `RateLimitingMiddleware`, which wraps the given WSGI
application and sets up the given limits.
@param application: WSGI application to wrap
@param limits: String describing limits
@param limiter: String identifying class for representing limits
Other parameters are passed to the constructor for the limiter.
"""
base_wsgi.Middleware.__init__(self, application)
#因为使用factory生成,所以参数都会不存在。也就是说limiter和limits都是None.
# Select the limiter class
if limiter is None:
limiter = Limiter
else:
limiter = importutils.import_class(limiter)
# Parse the limits, if any are provided
if limits is not None:
limits = limiter.parse_limits(limits)
#这里会取DEFAULT_LIMITS
self._limiter = limiter(limits or DEFAULT_LIMITS, **kwargs)
@webob.dec.wsgify(RequestClass=wsgi.Request)
def __call__(self, req):
"""
Represents a single call through this middleware. We should record the
request if we have a limit relevant to it. If no limit is relevant to
the request, ignore it.
If the request should be rate limited, return a fault telling the user
they are over the limit and need to retry later.
"""
verb = req.method
url = req.url
context = req.environ.get("nova.context")
if context:
username = context.user_id
else:
username = None
#根据当前的用户去检查速率
delay, error = self._limiter.check_for_delay(verb, url, username)
#如果delay存在,就超出了当前的速率。这里的delay可以理解为需要多久后能够发这种类型的请求
if delay:
msg = _("This request was rate-limited.")
retry = time.time() + delay
return wsgi.RateLimitFault(msg, error, retry)
req.environ["nova.limits"] = self._limiter.get_limits(username)
return self.application
再看看DEFAULT_LIMITS及limit的实现
DEFAULT_LIMITS = [
Limit("POST", "*", ".*", 120, utils.TIME_UNITS['MINUTE']),
Limit("POST", "*/servers", "^/servers", 120, utils.TIME_UNITS['MINUTE']),
Limit("PUT", "*", ".*", 120, utils.TIME_UNITS['MINUTE']),
Limit("GET", "*changes-since*", ".*changes-since.*", 120,
utils.TIME_UNITS['MINUTE']),
Limit("DELETE", "*", ".*", 120, utils.TIME_UNITS['MINUTE']),
Limit("GET", "*/os-fping", "^/os-fping", 12, utils.TIME_UNITS['MINUTE']),
]
class Limit(object):
"""
Stores information about a limit for HTTP requests.
"""
UNITS = dict([(v, k) for k, v in utils.TIME_UNITS.items()])
def __init__(self, verb, uri, regex, value, unit):
"""
Initialize a new `Limit`.
@param verb: HTTP verb (POST, PUT, etc.)
@param uri: Human-readable URI
@param regex: Regular expression format for this limit
@param value: Integer number of requests which can be made
@param unit: Unit of measure for the value parameter
"""
#这里的参数都比较显示, 其中value表示单位时间内可以通过的请求数
#unit表示单位, 最终都会转化为秒, 比如说120每分钟, 实际会变成120每60秒
self.verb = verb
self.uri = uri
self.regex = regex
self.value = int(value)
self.unit = unit
self.unit_string = self.display_unit().lower()
self.remaining = int(value)
if value <= 0:
raise ValueError("Limit value must be > 0")
self.last_request = None
self.next_request = None
#水位值(water_level), 表示当前已使用了多少
self.water_level = 0
#容量(capacity)是最大容量, 这里简单的和时间单位相等
self.capacity = self.unit
#request_value相当于一次请求占总容量的多少。
#比如上面的120次每60秒,因为容量是60
self.request_value = float(self.capacity) / float(self.value)
msg = _("Only %(value)s %(verb)s request(s) can be "
"made to %(uri)s every %(unit_string)s.")
self.error_message = msg % self.__dict__
def __call__(self, verb, url):
"""
Represents a call to this limit from a relevant request.
@param verb: string http verb (POST, GET, etc.)
@param url: string URL
"""
#基于HTTP的请求类型及URL的正则式进行匹配
if self.verb != verb or not re.match(self.regex, url):
return
now = self._get_time()
if self.last_request is None:
self.last_request = now
leak_value = now - self.last_request
#从上次调用到这次间隔的时间,这样可以确定当前的水位是多少
self.water_level -= leak_value
self.water_level = max(self.water_level, 0)
#每次调用, 对应的水位需要上升
self.water_level += self.request_value
#水位和容量的差值
difference = self.water_level - self.capacity
self.last_request = now
#如果差值大于0,也就是说要再经过差值这么多时间, 然后才有可能有容量, 这也是上面delay变量定义的由来
if difference > 0:
self.water_level -= self.request_value
self.next_request = now + difference
return difference
cap = self.capacity
water = self.water_level
val = self.value
self.remaining = math.floor(((cap - water) / cap) * val)
self.next_request = now
def _get_time(self):
"""Retrieve the current time. Broken out for testability."""
return time.time()
def display_unit(self):
"""Display the string name of the unit."""
return self.UNITS.get(self.unit, "UNKNOWN")
def display(self):
"""Return a useful representation of this class."""
return {
"verb": self.verb,
"URI": self.uri,
"regex": self.regex,
"value": self.value,
"remaining": int(self.remaining),
"unit": self.display_unit(),
"resetTime": int(self.next_request or self._get_time()),
}
这里还有一个相当于limit的管理类
class Limiter(object):
"""
Rate-limit checking class which handles limits in memory.
"""
def __init__(self, limits, **kwargs):
"""
Initialize the new `Limiter`.
@param limits: List of `Limit` objects
"""
self.limits = copy.deepcopy(limits)
#这里很关键,可以看出在check_for_delay中, 参数中带了用户名,但是在所有的配置中,是没有用户名的,就是通过defaultdict来取值的。
self.levels = collections.defaultdict(lambda: copy.deepcopy(limits))
# Pick up any per-user limit information
for key, value in kwargs.items():
if key.startswith(LIMITS_PREFIX):
username = key[len(LIMITS_PREFIX):]
self.levels[username] = self.parse_limits(value)
def get_limits(self, username=None):
"""
Return the limits for a given user.
"""
return [limit.display() for limit in self.levels[username]]
def check_for_delay(self, verb, url, username=None):
"""
Check the given verb/user/user triplet for limit.
@return: Tuple of delay (in seconds) and error message (or None, None)
"""
delays = []
#取出当前的用户所对应的limit, 因为这里没有基于用户名的配置,所以取的是默认参数。也就是DEFAULT_LIMITS
for limit in self.levels[username]:
delay = limit(verb, url)
if delay:
delays.append((delay, limit.error_message))
if delays:
delays.sort()
return delays[0]
return None, None
# Note: This method gets called before the class is instantiated,
# so this must be either a static method or a class method. It is
# used to develop a list of limits to feed to the constructor. We
# put this in the class so that subclasses can override the
# default limit parsing.
@staticmethod
def parse_limits(limits):
"""
Convert a string into a list of Limit instances. This
implementation expects a semicolon-separated sequence of
parenthesized groups, where each group contains a
comma-separated sequence consisting of HTTP method,
user-readable URI, a URI reg-exp, an integer number of
requests which can be made, and a unit of measure. Valid
values for the latter are "SECOND", "MINUTE", "HOUR", and
"DAY".
@return: List of Limit instances.
"""
# Handle empty limit strings
limits = limits.strip()
if not limits:
return []
# Split up the limits by semicolon
result = []
for group in limits.split(';'):
group = group.strip()
if group[:1] != '(' or group[-1:] != ')':
raise ValueError("Limit rules must be surrounded by "
"parentheses")
group = group[1:-1]
# Extract the Limit arguments
args = [a.strip() for a in group.split(',')]
if len(args) != 5:
raise ValueError("Limit rules must contain the following "
"arguments: verb, uri, regex, value, unit")
# Pull out the arguments
verb, uri, regex, value, unit = args
# Upper-case the verb
verb = verb.upper()
# Convert value--raises ValueError if it's not integer
value = int(value)
# Convert unit
unit = unit.upper()
if unit not in utils.TIME_UNITS:
raise ValueError("Invalid units specified")
unit = utils.TIME_UNITS[unit]
# Build a limit
result.append(Limit(verb, uri, regex, value, unit))
return result
至此, 限速的部分基于结束, 虽然代码看起来有点多, 但原理其实很简单,就是基于HTTP的请求类型及URL做正则式的匹配, 然后用漏桶算法来做限速。
osapi_compute_app_v2
[app:osapi_compute_app_v2]
paste.app_factory = nova.api.openstack.compute:APIRouter.factory
这是流水线的最后一级,也是我们的APP。从这里看出, 它只是简单的生成一些URL的路由信息。
这里有一个不同的地方,mapper.resource这是一个用来生成RESTful风格的路由。
class APIRouter(nova.api.openstack.APIRouter):
"""
Routes requests on the OpenStack API to the appropriate controller
and method.
"""
ExtensionManager = extensions.ExtensionManager
def _setup_routes(self, mapper, ext_mgr, init_only):
if init_only is None or 'versions' in init_only:
self.resources['versions'] = versions.create_resource()
mapper.connect("versions", "/",
controller=self.resources['versions'],
action='show',
conditions={"method": ['GET']})
mapper.redirect("", "/")
if init_only is None or 'consoles' in init_only:
self.resources['consoles'] = consoles.create_resource()
mapper.resource("console", "consoles",
controller=self.resources['consoles'],
parent_resource=dict(member_name='server',
collection_name='servers'))
if init_only is None or 'consoles' in init_only or \
'servers' in init_only or ips in init_only:
self.resources['servers'] = servers.create_resource(ext_mgr)
#生成servers相关的路由,也就是我们用来创建Instance的路由
mapper.resource("server", "servers",
controller=self.resources['servers'],
collection={'detail': 'GET'},
member={'action': 'POST'})
if init_only is None or 'ips' in init_only:
self.resources['ips'] = ips.create_resource()
mapper.resource("ip", "ips", controller=self.resources['ips'],
parent_resource=dict(member_name='server',
collection_name='servers'))
if init_only is None or 'images' in init_only:
self.resources['images'] = images.create_resource()
mapper.resource("image", "images",
controller=self.resources['images'],
collection={'detail': 'GET'})
if init_only is None or 'limits' in init_only:
self.resources['limits'] = limits.create_resource()
mapper.resource("limit", "limits",
controller=self.resources['limits'])
if init_only is None or 'flavors' in init_only:
self.resources['flavors'] = flavors.create_resource()
mapper.resource("flavor", "flavors",
controller=self.resources['flavors'],
collection={'detail': 'GET'},
member={'action': 'POST'})
if init_only is None or 'image_metadata' in init_only:
self.resources['image_metadata'] = image_metadata.create_resource()
image_metadata_controller = self.resources['image_metadata']
mapper.resource("image_meta", "metadata",
controller=image_metadata_controller,
parent_resource=dict(member_name='image',
collection_name='images'))
mapper.connect("metadata",
"/{project_id}/images/{image_id}/metadata",
controller=image_metadata_controller,
action='update_all',
conditions={"method": ['PUT']})
if init_only is None or 'server_metadata' in init_only:
self.resources['server_metadata'] = \
server_metadata.create_resource()
server_metadata_controller = self.resources['server_metadata']
mapper.resource("server_meta", "metadata",
controller=server_metadata_controller,
parent_resource=dict(member_name='server',
collection_name='servers'))
mapper.connect("metadata",
"/{project_id}/servers/{server_id}/metadata",
controller=server_metadata_controller,
action='update_all',
conditions={"method": ['PUT']})
但是这里还有一个问题, 创建一个Instance的URL如下:
/v2/{tenant_id}/servers
可以看出,里面还有tenant_id这个值没有地方解析。
回到APIRouter的父类nova.api.openstack.APIRouter,
def __init__(self, ext_mgr=None, init_only=None):
if ext_mgr is None:
if self.ExtensionManager:
ext_mgr = self.ExtensionManager()
else:
raise Exception(_("Must specify an ExtensionManager class"))
#mapper是ProjectMapper的对象, 而ProjectMapper是自定义的。
mapper = ProjectMapper()
self.resources = {}
self._setup_routes(mapper, ext_mgr, init_only)
self._setup_ext_routes(mapper, ext_mgr, init_only)
self._setup_extensions(ext_mgr)
super(APIRouter, self).__init__(mapper)
再看ProjectMapper
class ProjectMapper(APIMapper):
def resource(self, member_name, collection_name, **kwargs):
if 'parent_resource' not in kwargs:
#在URL的路由中,增加前缀{project_id}
kwargs['path_prefix'] = '{project_id}/'
else:
parent_resource = kwargs['parent_resource']
p_collection = parent_resource['collection_name']
p_member = parent_resource['member_name']
kwargs['path_prefix'] = '{project_id}/%s/:%s_id' % (p_collection,
p_member)
routes.Mapper.resource(self, member_name,
collection_name,
**kwargs)
至此, 路由的信息基本全了,这里还有一些扩展路由,可以自己去看。
下一章中, 但要Controller的控制里面。