中国加油,武汉加油!
篇幅较长,请配合目录观看
项目准备
1. 分布式系统面临的问题
1.1 服务雪崩
多个微服务之间调用的时候,假设微服务A调用微服务B和微服务C,微服务B和微服务C又调用其它的微服务,这就是所谓的“扇出”。如果扇出的链路上某个微服务的调用响应时间过长或者不可用,对微服务A的调用就会占用越来越多的系统资源,进而引起系统崩溃,所谓的“雪崩效应”。最终的结果就是一个服务不可用,导致一系列服务的不可用,而往往这种后果是无法预料的。
1.2 造成雪崩的原因
- 服务提供者不可用(硬件故障,程序Bug,缓存击穿,用户大量请求)
- 重试加大流量(用户重试,代码逻辑重试)
- 服务调用者不可用(同步等待造成的资源耗尽)
2. Hystrix简介
- Hystrix,即熔断器。类似保险丝角色。
- Hystrix是一个用于处理分布式系统的延迟和容错的开源库,在分布式系统里,许多依赖不可避免的会调用失败,比如超时、异常等,Hystrix能够保证在一个依赖出问题的情况下,不会导致整体服务失败,避免级联故障,以提高分布式系统的弹性。
- “断路器”本身是一种开关装置,当某个服务单元发生故障之后,通过断路器的故障监控(类似熔断保险丝),向调用方返回一个符合预期的、可处理的备选响应(FallBack),而不是长时间的等待或者抛出调用方无法处理的异常,这样就保证了服务调用方的线程不会被长时间、不必要地占用,从而避免了故障在分布式系统中的蔓延,乃至雪崩。
2.1 相关链接
2.2 Hystrix工作机制
3. Hystrix服务降级
3.1 consumer导入Hystrix注解
<!--服务熔断组件-->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix</artifactId>
</dependency>
3.2 在Controller中添加熔断机制
package com.wpj.controller;
import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.javanica.annotation.HystrixCommand;
import com.wpj.api.UserClient;
import com.wpj.bean.User;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Scope;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RestController;
import javax.annotation.Resource;
import java.util.List;
@RestController
@Scope("prototype")
public class UserController {
@Resource
private UserClient userClient;
@RequestMapping("/list")
@HystrixCommand(fallbackMethod = "hystrix_list")
public List<User> list(){
return userClient.list();
}
public List<User> hystrix_list(){
return null;
}
}
3.3 程序入口添加注解
package com.wpj;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.circuitbreaker.EnableCircuitBreaker;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.EnableFeignClients;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
@EnableFeignClients
@EnableCircuitBreaker //对hystrixR熔断机制的支持
public class ConsumerApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(ConsumerApplication.class, args);
}
}
3.4 启动7001,8181,8282测试
3.5 停掉8181
4. 服务降级优化-彻底解耦
4.1 编写MyFallBack
package com.wpj.fallback;
import com.wpj.api.UserClient;
import com.wpj.bean.User;
import feign.hystrix.FallbackFactory;
import org.springframework.stereotype.Component;
import java.util.List;
@Component
public class MyFallBack implements FallbackFactory<UserClient> {
@Override
public UserClient create(Throwable throwable) {
return new UserClient() {
@Override
public List<User> list() {
return null;
}
};
}
}
4.2 修改api
package com.wpj.api;
import com.wpj.bean.User;
import com.wpj.fallback.MyFallBack;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.FeignClient;
import org.springframework.web.bind.annotation.RequestMapping;
import java.util.List;
@FeignClient(value = "springcloud-producer" , fallbackFactory = MyFallBack.class)
public interface UserClient {
@RequestMapping("/list")
public List<User> list();
}
4.3 配置application.properties
# 开启服务熔断策略
feign.hystrix.enabled=true
5. Hystrix熔断策略
5.1 服务熔断
- 熔断在降级的基础之上
- 熔断其实是在降级的基础上引入了重试的机制。当某个时间内失败的次数达到了多少次就会触发熔断机制。熔断机制是应对雪崩效应的一种微服务链路保护机制。
5.1 Hystrix Dashboard简介
可视化数据监控
5.1.1 consumer导入依赖
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-boot-starter-actuator</artifactId>
</dependency>
<!-- hystrix和 hystrix-dashboard相关 -->
<dependency>
<groupId>org.springframework.cloud</groupId>
<artifactId>spring-cloud-starter-netflix-hystrix-dashboard</artifactId>
</dependency>
5.1.2 程序入口添加注解
package com.wpj;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.circuitbreaker.EnableCircuitBreaker;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.dashboard.EnableHystrixDashboard;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.EnableFeignClients;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
@EnableFeignClients
@EnableCircuitBreaker //对hystrixR熔断机制的支持
@EnableHystrixDashboard //开启仪表盘
public class ConsumerApplication {
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(ConsumerApplication.class, args);
}
}
5.1.3 注册HystrixMetricsStreamServlet
package com.wpj;
import com.netflix.hystrix.contrib.metrics.eventstream.HystrixMetricsStreamServlet;
import org.springframework.boot.SpringApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.SpringBootApplication;
import org.springframework.boot.web.servlet.ServletRegistrationBean;
import org.springframework.cloud.client.circuitbreaker.EnableCircuitBreaker;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.eureka.EnableEurekaClient;
import org.springframework.cloud.netflix.hystrix.dashboard.EnableHystrixDashboard;
import org.springframework.cloud.openfeign.EnableFeignClients;
import org.springframework.context.annotation.Bean;
@SpringBootApplication
@EnableEurekaClient
@EnableFeignClients
@EnableCircuitBreaker //对hystrixR熔断机制的支持
@EnableHystrixDashboard //开启仪表盘
public class ConsumerApplication {
/**
* 配置Hystrix.stream的servlet
* @return
*/
@Bean
public ServletRegistrationBean registrationBean() {
HystrixMetricsStreamServlet streamServlet = new HystrixMetricsStreamServlet();
ServletRegistrationBean registrationBean = new ServletRegistrationBean(streamServlet);
registrationBean.setLoadOnStartup(1);
registrationBean.addUrlMappings("/hystrix.stream");
registrationBean.setName("HystrixMetricsStreamServlet");
return registrationBean;
}
public static void main(String[] args) {
SpringApplication.run(ConsumerApplication.class, args);
}
}
5.1.4 启动7001,8181,8282程序入口
5.1.5 访问list,多刷新几次