抢购、秒杀是如今很常见的一个应用场景,主要需要解决的问题有两个:
1 高并发对数据库产生的压力
2 竞争状态下如何解决库存的正确减少("超卖"问题)
对于第一个问题,已经很容易想到用缓存来处理抢购,避免直接操作数据库,例如使用Redis。
重点在于第二个问题
常规写法:
查询出对应商品的库存,看是否大于0,然后执行生成订单等操作,但是在判断库存是否大于0处,如果在高并发下就会有问题,导致库存量出现负数
$conn=mysqli_connect("localhost","root","");
if(!$conn){
echo "connect failed";
exit;
}
mysqli_select_db($conn,"ceshi");
mysqli_query($conn,"set names utf8");
$price=10;
$user_id=1;
$goods_id=1;
$sku_id=11;
$number=1;
//生成唯一订单
function build_order_no(){
return date('ymd').substr(implode(NULL, array_map('ord', str_split(substr(uniqid(), 7, 13), 1))), 0, 8);
}
//记录日志
function insertLog($event,$type=0){
global $conn;
$sql="insert into ih_log(event,type)
values('$event','$type')";
mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
}
//模拟下单操作
//库存是否大于0
$sql="select number from ih_store where goods_id='$goods_id' and sku_id='$sku_id'";//解锁 此时ih_store数据中goods_id='$goods_id' and sku_id='$sku_id' 的数据被锁住(注3),其它事务必须等待此次事务 提交后才能执行
$rs=mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
$row=mysqli_fetch_assoc($rs);
if($row['number']>0){//高并发下会导致超卖
$order_sn=build_order_no();
//生成订单
$sql="insert into ih_order(order_sn,user_id,goods_id,sku_id,price)
values('$order_sn','$user_id','$goods_id','$sku_id','$price')";
$order_rs=mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
//库存减少
$sql="update ih_store set number=number-{$number} where sku_id='$sku_id'";
$store_rs=mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
if(mysqli_affected_rows($conn)){
insertLog('库存减少成功');
}else{
insertLog('库存减少失败');
}
}else{
insertLog('库存不够');
}
?>
优化方案1:将库存字段number字段设为unsigned,当库存为0时,因为字段不能为负数,将会返回false
//库存减少
$sql="update ih_store set number=number-{$number} where sku_id='$sku_id' and number>0";
$store_rs=mysql_query($sql,$conn);
if(mysql_affected_rows()){
insertLog('库存减少成功');
}
优化方案2:使用MySQL的事务,锁住操作的行
$conn=mysqli_connect("localhost","root","");
if(!$conn){
echo "connect failed";
exit;
}
mysqli_select_db($conn,"ceshi");
mysqli_query($conn,"set names utf8");
$price=10;
$user_id=1;
$goods_id=1;
$sku_id=11;
$number=1;
//生成唯一订单号
function build_order_no(){
return date('ymd').substr(implode(NULL, array_map('ord', str_split(substr(uniqid(), 7, 13), 1))), 0, 8);
}
//记录日志
function insertLog($event,$type=0){
global $conn;
$sql="insert into ih_log(event,type)
values('$event','$type')";
mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
}
//模拟下单操作
//库存是否大于0
mysqli_query($conn,"BEGIN"); //开始事务
$sql="select number from ih_store where goods_id='$goods_id' and sku_id='$sku_id' FOR UPDATE";//此时这条记录被锁住,其它事务必须等待此次事务提交后才能执行
$rs=mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
$row=mysqli_fetch_assoc($rs);
if($row['number']>0){
//生成订单
$order_sn=build_order_no();
$sql="insert into ih_order(order_sn,user_id,goods_id,sku_id,price)
values('$order_sn','$user_id','$goods_id','$sku_id','$price')";
$order_rs=mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
//库存减少
$sql="update ih_store set number=number-{$number} where sku_id='$sku_id'";
$store_rs=mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
if(mysqli_affected_rows($conn)){
insertLog('库存减少成功');
mysqli_query($conn,"COMMIT");//事务提交即解锁
}else{
insertLog('库存减少失败');
}
}else{
insertLog('库存不够');
mysqli_query($conn,"ROLLBACK");
}
优化方案3:使用非阻塞的文件排他锁
$conn=mysqli_connect("localhost","root","");
if(!$conn){
echo "connect failed";
exit;
}
mysqli_select_db($conn,"ceshi");
mysqli_query($conn,"set names utf8");
$price=10;
$user_id=1;
$goods_id=1;
$sku_id=11;
$number=1;
//生成唯一订单号
function build_order_no(){
return date('ymd').substr(implode(NULL, array_map('ord', str_split(substr(uniqid(), 7, 13), 1))), 0, 8);
}
//记录日志
function insertLog($event,$type=0){
global $conn;
$sql="insert into ih_log(event,type)
values('$event','$type')";
mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
}
$fp = fopen("lock.txt", "w+");
if(!flock($fp,LOCK_EX | LOCK_NB)){
echo "系统繁忙,请稍后再试";
return;
}
//下单
$sql="select number from ih_store where goods_id='$goods_id' and sku_id='$sku_id'";
$rs=mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
$row=mysqli_fetch_assoc($rs);
if($row['number']>0){//库存是否大于0
//模拟下单操作
$order_sn=build_order_no();
$sql="insert into ih_order(order_sn,user_id,goods_id,sku_id,price)
values('$order_sn','$user_id','$goods_id','$sku_id','$price')";
$order_rs=mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
//库存减少
$sql="update ih_store set number=number-{$number} where sku_id='$sku_id'";
$store_rs=mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
if(mysqli_affected_rows($conn)){
insertLog('库存减少成功');
flock($fp,LOCK_UN);//释放锁
}else{
insertLog('库存减少失败');
}
}else{
insertLog('库存不够');
}
fclose($fp);
优化方案4:使用redis队列,因为pop操作是原子的,即使有很多用户同时到达,也是依次执行,推荐使用(mysql事务在高并发下性能下降很厉害,文件锁的方式也是)
先将商品库存如队列
$store=1000;
$redis=new Redis();
$result=$redis->connect('127.0.0.1',6379);
$res=$redis->llen('goods_store');
echo $res;
$count=$store-$res;
for($i=0;$i<$count;$i++){
$redis->lpush('goods_store',1);
}
echo $redis->llen('goods_store');
抢购、描述逻辑
$conn=mysqli_connect("localhost","root","");
if(!$conn){
echo "connect failed";
exit;
}
mysqli_select_db($conn,"ceshi");
mysqli_query($conn,"set names utf8");
$price=10;
$user_id=1;
$goods_id=1;
$sku_id=11;
$number=1;
//生成唯一订单号
function build_order_no(){
return date('ymd').substr(implode(NULL, array_map('ord', str_split(substr(uniqid(), 7, 13), 1))), 0, 8);
}
//记录日志
function insertLog($event,$type=0){
global $conn;
$sql="insert into ih_log(event,type)
values('$event','$type')";
mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
}
//模拟下单操作
//下单前判断redis队列库存量
$redis=new Redis();
$result=$redis->connect('127.0.0.1',6379);
$count=$redis->lpop('goods_store');//随着redis的升级,最好是用setnx的锁机制,最大程度避免并发问题,同时可以设置超时时间,避免死锁
if(!$count){
insertLog('error:no store redis');
return;
}
//生成订单
$order_sn=build_order_no();
$sql="insert into ih_order(order_sn,user_id,goods_id,sku_id,price)
values('$order_sn','$user_id','$goods_id','$sku_id','$price')";
$order_rs=mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
//库存减少
$sql="update ih_store set number=number-{$number} where sku_id='$sku_id'";
$store_rs=mysqli_query($conn,$sql);
if(mysqli_affected_rows()){
insertLog('库存减少成功');
}else{
insertLog('库存减少失败');
}
模拟5000高并发测试
webbench -c 5000 -t 60 http://192.168.1.198/big/index.php
ab -r -n 6000 -c 5000 http://192.168.1.198/big/index.php
上述只是简单模拟高并发下的抢购,真实场景要比这复杂很多,很多注意的地方
如抢购页面做成静态的,通过ajax调用接口
再如上面的会导致一个用户抢多个,思路:
需要一个排队队列和抢购结果队列及库存队列。高并发情况,先将用户进入排队队列,用一个线程循环处理从排队队列取出一个用户,判断用户是否已在抢购结果队列,如果在,则已抢购,否则未抢购,库存减1,写数据库,将用户入结果队列。
测试数据表
--
-- 数据库: `big`
--
-- --------------------------------------------------------
--
-- 表的结构 `ih_goods`
--
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ih_goods` (
`goods_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`cat_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`goods_name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
PRIMARY KEY (`goods_id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 AUTO_INCREMENT=2 ;
--
-- 转存表中的数据 `ih_goods`
--
INSERT INTO `ih_goods` (`goods_id`, `cat_id`, `goods_name`) VALUES
(1, 0, '小米手机');
-- --------------------------------------------------------
--
-- 表的结构 `ih_log`
--
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ih_log` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`event` varchar(255) NOT NULL,
`type` tinyint(4) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`addtime` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=MyISAM DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ;
--
-- 转存表中的数据 `ih_log`
--
-- --------------------------------------------------------
--
-- 表的结构 `ih_order`
--
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ih_order` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`order_sn` char(32) NOT NULL,
`user_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`status` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`goods_id` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`sku_id` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`price` float NOT NULL,
`addtime` timestamp NOT NULL DEFAULT CURRENT_TIMESTAMP,
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='订单表' AUTO_INCREMENT=1 ;
--
-- 转存表中的数据 `ih_order`
--
-- --------------------------------------------------------
--
-- 表的结构 `ih_store`
--
CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS `ih_store` (
`id` int(11) NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT,
`goods_id` int(11) NOT NULL,
`sku_id` int(10) unsigned NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`number` int(10) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0',
`freez` int(11) NOT NULL DEFAULT '0' COMMENT '虚拟库存',
PRIMARY KEY (`id`)
) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8 COMMENT='库存' AUTO_INCREMENT=2 ;
--
-- 转存表中的数据 `ih_store`
--
INSERT INTO `ih_store` (`id`, `goods_id`, `sku_id`, `number`, `freez`) VALUES
(1, 1, 11, 500, 0);
其实在高并发状态下,还是会出现类似同时写入两条数据的情况,这时候可以考虑行锁等数据库锁的情况下
关于数据库锁可参考:Mysql常见知识点【新】_黄啊码的博客-CSDN博客
当然还可以用setnx锁机制,具体代码如下:
//解决并发情况下卡脏读的问题
protected function BingFa($mobile, $ent_id){
$obj = EnterpriseMembers::getNewMemberCardByEntId($mobile, $ent_id);
if(!$obj){
return false;
}else{
$expire = 10;
$key = 'new_card_'.$ent_id.'_'.$obj->member_card;
$is_lock = Yii::$app->redis_php->setnx($key, time()+$expire);
// 不能获取锁
if(!$is_lock){
$lock_time = Yii::$app->redis_php->get($key);
if(time()>$lock_time){
Yii::$app->redis_php->del($key); $is_lock = Yii::$app->redis_php->setnx($key, time()+$expire);
}else{
return $this->BingFa($mobile, $ent_id);
}
}
//如果锁成功
if($is_lock){
$obj->mobile = $mobile;
if($obj->save()){
Yii::$app->redis_php->del($key);
return $obj;
}
}
}
}