文章目录
进阶7:子查询
含义:出现在其他语句中的select语句,称为子查询内查询
分类:
1、按子查询出现的位置:
(1)select后面:仅仅支持标量子查询
(2)from后面:支持表子查询
(3)where或having后面:支持标量子查询、列子查询、行子查询(用得较小)
(4)exists后面(相关子查询):支持表子查询
2、按结果集的行列数不同:
(1)标量子查询(结果集只有一行一列)
(2)列子查询(结果集只有一列多行)
(3)行子查询(结果集有一行多列)
(4)表子查询(结果集一般为多行多列)
一、where 或 having 后面
特点:
(1)子查询放在小括号内
(2)子查询一般放在条件后面
(3)标量子查询,一般搭配着单行操作符使用(> < >= <= = <>)
列子查询,一般搭配着多行操作符使用(in any/some all)
(4)子查询的执行优先于主查询执行,主查询的条件用到了子查询的结果
1、标量子查询(单行子查询)
案例1:谁的工资比 Abel 高
(1)先查询Abel的工资
SELECT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel' ;
#结果是11000.00
(2)查询员工的信息,满足salary>(1)的结果
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE salary >
(SELECT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE last_name = 'Abel') ;
结果:
案例2:返回job_id与141号员工相同,salary比143号员工多的员工job_id,姓名,job_id 和工资
(1)查询141号员工的job_id
SELECT
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id = 141 ;
#结果是ST_CLERK
(2)查询143号员工的salary
SELECT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id = 143 ;
#结果是2600.00
(3)查询员工的姓名、job_id和工资,要求job_id=(1)并且salary》(2)
SELECT
last_name,
job_id,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id =
(SELECT
job_id
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id = 141)
AND salary >
(SELECT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id = 143) ;
结果:
案例3:返回公司工资最少的员工的last_name,job_id和salary
(1)查询公司的最低工资
SELECT
MIN(salary)
FROM
employees ;
#结果是2100
(2)查询员工的last_name,job_id和salary,要求salary=(1)
SELECT
last_name,
job_id,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary =
(SELECT
MIN(salary)
FROM
employees) ;
结果:
案例4:查询最低工资大于50号部门最低工资的部门id和其最低工资
(1)查询50 号部门的最低工资
SELECT
MIN(salary)
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id = 50 ;
#结果是2100
(2)查询每个部门的最低工资
SELECT
MIN(salary),
department_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id ;
结果:
(3)在(2)基础上筛选,满足min(salary)>(1)
SELECT
MIN(salary),
department_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id
HAVING MIN(salary) >
(SELECT
MIN(salary)
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id = 50) ;
结果:
2、列子查询(多行子查询)
- 返回多行
- 使用多行比较操作符
操作符 | 含义 |
---|---|
in / not in | 等于列表中的任意一个,in(查询语句)等价 =any,not in 等价 <>all |
any / some | 和子查询返回的某一个值比较,如:a>any(查询语句)==a>min(查询语句),any小于最大值大于最小值 |
all | 和子查询返回的所有值比较,all小于最小值大于最大值 |
案例1:返回location_id是1400或1700的部门中的所有员工姓名
(1)查询location_id是1400或1700的部门部门编号(如果有重复的,需要去重distinct)
SELECT
department_id
FROM
departments
WHERE location_id IN (1400, 1700) ;#结果是单列多行
(2)查询员工姓名,要求部门号是(1)列表中的某一个
SELECT
last_name
FROM
employees
WHERE department_id IN
(SELECT
department_id
FROM
departments
WHERE location_id IN (1400, 1700)) ;
结果:
案例2:返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
(1)查询job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门任一工资
SELECT DISTINCT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG' ;
(2)返回其它工种中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’工种任一工资低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT
last_name,
employee_id,
job_id,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary < ANY
(SELECT DISTINCT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG')
AND job_id<>'IT_PROG';
#或
SELECT
last_name,
employee_id,
job_id,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary <
(SELECT
MAX(salary)
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG')
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG' ;
结果:
返回其它部门中比job_id为‘IT_PROG’部门所有工资都低的员工的员工号、姓名、job_id 以及salary
SELECT
last_name,
employee_id,
job_id,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary < ALL
(SELECT DISTINCT
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG')
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG' ;
#或
SELECT
last_name,
employee_id,
job_id,
salary
FROM
employees
WHERE salary <
(SELECT
MIN(salary)
FROM
employees
WHERE job_id = 'IT_PROG')
AND job_id <> 'IT_PROG' ;
结果:
3、行子查询(结果集一行多列或多行多列,用的较少)
案例:查询员工编号最小并且工资最高的员工信息
(1)查询最小的员工编号
SELECT
MIN(employee_id)
FROM
employees ;
(2)查询最高工资
SELECT
MAX(salary)
FROM
employees ;
(3)查询员工信息
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE employee_id =
(SELECT
MIN(employee_id)
FROM
employees)
AND salary =
(SELECT
MAX(salary)
FROM
employees) ;
结果:
方法二:行子查询
SELECT
*
FROM
employees
WHERE (employee_id, salary) =
(SELECT
MIN(employee_id),
MAX(salary)
FROM
employees) ;
二、select后面
仅仅支持标量子查询(只能是一行一列)
案例1:查询每个部门的员工个数
SELECT
d.*,
(SELECT
COUNT(*)
FROM
employees e
WHERE e.department_id = d.department_id) 个数
FROM
departments d ;
结果:
案例2:查询员工号=102的部门名
SELECT
(SELECT
department_name
FROM
departments d
INNER JOIN employees e
ON d.department_id = e.department_id
WHERE e.employee_id = 102) 部门名 ;
结果:
三、from后面
将子查询结果充当一张表,要求必须起别名
案例:查询每个部门的平均工资的工资等级
(1)查询每个部门的平均工资
SELECT
AVG(salary),
department_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id ;
(2)连接(1)的结果集和job_grades表,筛选条件平均工资 between lowest_sal and highest_sal
SELECT
ag_dep.*,
g.`grade_level`
FROM
(SELECT
AVG(salary) ag,
department_id
FROM
employees
GROUP BY department_id) ag_dep
INNER JOIN job_grades g
ON ag_dep.ag BETWEEN lowest_sal
AND highest_sal ;
结果:
四、exists后面(相关子查询)
语法:EXISTS(完整的查询语句)
结果:1或0
案例1:查询有员工的部门名
in:
SELECT
department_name
FROM
departments
WHERE department_id IN
(SELECT
department_id
FROM
employees) ;
exists:
SELECT
department_name
FROM
departments d
WHERE EXISTS
(SELECT
*
FROM
employees e
WHERE d.department_id = e.`department_id`) ;
结果:
案例2:查询没有女朋友的男神信息
SELECT
bo.*
FROM
boys
WHERE bo.id NOT IN
(SELECT
boyfriend_id
FROM
beauty) ;
#exists
SELECT
bo.*
FROM
boys bo
WHERE NOT EXISTS
(SELECT
*
FROM
beauty b
WHERE b.`boyfriend_id` = bo.`id`) ;