关于{1,2,...,n}的子集和的一个有趣结论

参考文献：https://math.berkeley.edu/~lpachter/papers/modpaper2.pdf
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令$S_{n}={1,2,...,n}$,求$S_{n}$的子集中满足和模$n$同余$k$的个数$N_{n}^{k}(0\le k<n)$
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引理1. 令$P_{n}(x)=\prod\limits_{i=1}^{n}(1+x^i)=\sum\limits_{i=0}^{\frac{n(n+1)}{2}}a_{n,i}x^i$，$w_{n}=e^{\frac{2\pi i}{n}}$为$n$次单位根，则$N_{n}^k=\sum\limits_{s}a_{n,sn+k}$

证明：$P_{n}(x)$即为$S_n$的子集和为某定值的方案数的生成函数，则显然$a_{n,r}$为$S_n$的子集和为$r$的方案数

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $进而$N_{n}^k=\sum\limits_{s}a_{n,sn+k}$
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引理2. 对非负整数$s$，

$$\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}w_{n}^{sj}= \left\{\begin{array}{rcl} 0,&n\nmid s\\ n,&n|s\\ \end{array}\right.$$
证明：若$n\nmid s$，则$w_{n}^s=e^{\frac{2\pi is}{n}}\ne 1$，$\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}w_{n}^{sj}=\frac{w_n^s(w_{n}^{ns}-1)}{w_{n}^s-1}=0$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $若$n|s$，则$w_{n}^{sj}=(e^{\frac{2\pi is}{n}})^j=1$，$\sum\limits_{j=1}^{n}w_{n}^{sj}=n$
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引理3. $N_{n}^k=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{j=1}^nw_{n}^{-kj}P_n(w_n^j)$

证明：

$$\begin{aligned} \sum\limits_{j=1}^nw_{n}^{-kj}P_n(w_n^j) & =\sum\limits_{j=1}^nw_{n}^{-kj}\sum\limits_{r=1}^na_{n,r}w_{n}^{rj}\\ & =\sum\limits_{r=1}^na_{n,r}\sum\limits_{j=1}^nw_{n}^{j(r-k)}(由引理2)\\ &=\sum\limits_{r=1}^na_{n,r}\sum\limits_{n|r-k}n\\ &=n\sum\limits_{s}a_{n,sn+k}(由引理1)\\ &=nN_n^k\\ \end{aligned}$$
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引理4. $P_{n}(w_{n}^j)=(P_{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}(w_{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}))^{(n,j)}$

证明：

$$\begin{aligned} P_{n}(w_n^j) &=\prod\limits_{r=1}^n(1+(w_n^j)^{r\frac{(n,j)}{(n,j)}})\\ &=\prod\limits_{r=1}^n(1+(w_n^{(n,j)})^{\frac{jr}{(n,j)}})\\ &=\prod\limits_{r=1}^n(1+(w_{\frac{n}{(n,j)}})^{\frac{jr}{(n,j)}})\\ &=\prod\limits_{r=1}^n(1+(w_{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}^{\frac{j}{(n,j)}})^r)\\ \end{aligned}$$
$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $因为 $(\frac{j}{(n,j)},\frac{n}{(n,j)})=1$，故 $w_{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}^{\frac{j}{(n,j)}}$是 $\frac{n}{(n,j)}$次单位根，进而当 $j$从$1$变化到 $n$时，每一个$w_{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}^{\frac{j}{(n,j)}}$出现 $(n,j)$次，且对每个 $j$ ，$w_{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}^{\frac{jr}{(n,j)}},r=1,..,\frac{n}{(n,j)}$是 $w_{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}^{r},r=1,..,\frac{n}{(n,j)}$的一个排列，进而
$$\begin{aligned} P_n(w_n^j) &=(\prod\limits_{r=1}^{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}(1+(w_{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}^{\frac{j}{(n,j)}})^r))^{(n,j)}\\ &=(\prod\limits_{r=1}^{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}(1+w_{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}^{r}))^{(n,j)}\\ &=(P_{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}(w_{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}))^{(n,j)} \end{aligned}$$

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引理5. $P_r(w_r)=1-(-1)^r$

证明：考虑方程$x^r-1=(x-w_r)(x-w_r^2)...(x-w_r^r)$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $代入$x=-1$得，$(-1)^r-1=(-1)^r(1+w_r)(1+w_r^2)...(1+w_r^r)=(-1)^rP_r(w_r)$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $进而有$P_r(w_r)=1-(-1)^r$

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引理6.

$$P_n(w_n^j)= \left\{\begin{array}{rcl} 2^{(n,j)},&\frac{n}{(n,j)}是奇数\\ 0,&\frac{n}{(n,j)}是偶数\\ \end{array}\right.$$
证明：
$$\begin{aligned} P_{n}(w_n^j) &=(P_{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}(w_{\frac{n}{(n,j)}}))^{(n,j)}(由引理4)\\ &=(1-(-1)^{\frac{n}{(n,j)}})^{(n,j)}（由引理5）\\ &= \left\{\begin{array}{rcl} 2^{(n,j)},&\frac{n}{(n,j)}是奇数\\ 0,&\frac{n}{(n,j)}是偶数\\ \end{array}\right. \end{aligned}$$
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引理7. 假设$t|n,\delta=\frac{n}{t}$，则

$$\sum\limits_{x\in Z_{\delta}^{\times}}w_{n}^{-ktx}=\frac{\varphi(\delta)}{\varphi(\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)})}\sum\limits_{x\in Z_{\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)}}^{\times}}w_{\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)}}^{x}$$
证明：注意到 $w_{n}^{tx}=w_{\delta}^{x}$，并且如果 $x\in Z_{\delta}^{\times}$，则 $-x\in Z_{\delta}^{\times}$，故有
$$\begin{aligned} \sum\limits_{x\in Z_{\delta}^{\times}}w_{n}^{-ktx} &=\sum\limits_{x\in Z_{\delta}^{\times}}w_{\delta}^{kx}\\ &=\sum\limits_{x\in Z_{\delta}^{\times}}w_{\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)}}^{\frac{k}{(k,\delta)}x}\\ \end{aligned}$$
$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $由于 $(\frac{k}{(k,\delta)},\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)})=1$，故 $w_{\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)}}^{\frac{k}{(k,\delta)}}$是 $\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)}$次单位根，当 $x$取遍$Z_{\delta}^{\times}$时，每一个 $w_{\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)}}^{\frac{k}{(k,\delta)}}$会出现 $\frac{\varphi(\delta)}{\varphi(\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)})}$次，且 $w_{\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)}}^{\frac{k}{(k,\delta)}x},x\in Z_{\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)}}^{\times}$是 $w_{\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)}}^{x},x\in Z_{\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)}}^{\times}$的一个排列，故有 $\sum\limits_{x\in Z_{\delta}^{\times}}w_{n}^{-ktx}=\frac{\varphi(\delta)}{\varphi(\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)})}\sum\limits_{x\in Z_{\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)}}^{\times}}w_{\frac{\delta}{(k,\delta)}}^{x}$

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引理8. $\Phi_n(x)$为$n$次分圆多项式，即$\Phi_n(x)=\prod\limits_{1\le r\le n;(r,n)=1}(x-w_n^r)$，则$\Phi_n(x)=\prod\limits_{r|n}(x^{\frac{n}{r}}-1)^{\mu(r)}$

证明：

$$\begin{aligned} x^n-1 &=\prod\limits_{r=1}^n(x-w_n^r)\\ &=\prod\limits_{d|n}\prod\limits_{1\le r\le n;(r,n)=d}(x-w_n^r)\\ &=\prod\limits_{d|n}\prod\limits_{1\le r\le n;(r,n)=d}(x-w_{\frac{n}{d}}^{\frac{r}{d}})\\ &=\prod\limits_{d|n}\prod\limits_{1\le r\le \frac{n}{d};(r,\frac{n}{d})=1}(x-w_{\frac{n}{d}}^{r})\\ &=\prod\limits_{d|n}\Phi_{\frac{n}{d}}(x)\\ &=\prod\limits_{d|n}\Phi_{d}(x)\\ \end{aligned}$$
$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $由莫比乌斯反演得 $\Phi_n(x)=\prod\limits_{r|n}(x^{\frac{n}{r}}-1)^{\mu(r)}$

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引理9. $\Phi_n(x)=\Phi_{d}(x^m)$，其中$d$是$n$的所有不同素因子之积，$m=\frac{n}{d}$

证明：$\Phi_n(x)=\prod\limits_{r|n}(x^{\frac{n}{r}}-1)^{\mu(r)}$，$\Phi_d(x^m)=\prod\limits_{s|d}((x^m)^{\frac{d}{s}}-1)^{\mu(s)}=\prod\limits_{s|d}(x^{\frac{n}{s}}-1)^{\mu(s)}$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $注意到若$r|n$且$r\not\mid d$，则$r$必有平方因子，进而$\mu(r)=0$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $故$\prod\limits_{r|n}(x^{\frac{n}{r}}-1)^{\mu(r)}=\prod\limits_{r|d}(x^{\frac{n}{r}}-1)^{\mu(r)}$ $，即\Phi_n(x)=\Phi_{d}(x^m)$

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引理10. $\Phi_{pn}(x)=\Phi_n(x^p)(\Phi_n(x))^{-1}$，其中$p$是素数且$p\not\mid n$

证明：

$$\begin{align} \Phi_{pn}(x) &=\prod\limits_{r|pn}(x^{\frac{np}{r}}-1)^{\mu(r)}\\ &=\prod\limits_{r|pn;p\not\mid r}(x^{\frac{np}{r}}-1)^{\mu(r)}\prod\limits_{r|pn;p|r}(x^{\frac{np}{r}}-1)^{\mu(r)}\\ &=\prod\limits_{r|n}(x^{\frac{np}{r}}-1)^{\mu(r)}\prod\limits_{s|n}(x^{\frac{n}{s}}-1)^{\mu(sp)}\\ \end{align}$$
$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $注意到 $s|n,p\not\mid n$且 $p$是素数，故有$(s,p)=1$，进而 $\mu(sp)=\mu(s)\mu(p)=-\mu(s)$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $故有$\Phi_{pn}(x)=\Phi_n(x^p)(\Phi_n(x))^{-1}$

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引理11. $\sum\limits_{t\in Z_{n}^\times}w_n^t=\mu(n)$

证明：$\Phi_n(x)=\prod\limits_{1\le r\le n;(r,n)=1}(x-w_n^r)=x^{\varphi(n)}-\sum\limits_{t\in Z_{n}^\times}w_n^tx^{\varphi(n)-1}+...+(-1)^{\varphi(n)}\prod\limits_{t\in Z_{n}^\times}w_n^t$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $故$\sum\limits_{t\in Z_{n}^\times}w_n^t$是$\Phi_n(x)$的属于$x^{\varphi(n)-1}$的系数的相反数

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $1.若存在一个素数$p$满足$p^2|n$，此时$\mu(n)=0$，由引理9，$\Phi_n(x)=\Phi_{d}(x^m)$，其中$p|d,p|m$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $故对$\Phi_d(x^m)$的任一项，其次数必然被$p$整除，即$p$会整除$\Phi_n(x)$的所有项的次数

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $而$\varphi(n)=m\varphi(d)$，故$p|\varphi(n)$，进而$p\not\mid (\varphi(n)-1)$，即此时$\Phi_n(x)$的属于$x^{\varphi(n)-1}$的系数是$0$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $2.若对于任意素数$p$均有$p^2\not\mid n$，即$n$为无平方因子数，记$n=p_1p_2...p_m,p_i$是互不相同的素数

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $用数学归纳法证明，$\Phi_n(x)$的属于$x^{\varphi(n)-1}$的系数是$(-1)^{m+1}$即证明该引理

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $$n=1$时，$\sum\limits_{t\in Z_{1}^\times}w_1^t=1=\mu(1)$，结论成立

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $假设对所有$n=p_1p_2...p_m,p_i$是互不相同的素数结论均成立

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $下证$\Phi_{pn}(x)$的属于$x^{\varphi(pn)-1}$的系数是$(-1)^{m+2}$，其中$p$是与$p_i$不同的素数

​ $\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $由引理10知$\Phi_{pn}(x)\Phi_n(x)=\Phi_n(x^p)$

​$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $$\Phi_{pn}(x)$的最高次项为$x^{\varphi(pn)}$，次高项为$ax^{\varphi(pn)-1}$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $$\Phi_n(x)$的最高次项为$x^{\varphi(n)}$，次高项为$(-1)^{m+1}x^{\varphi(n)-1}$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $故$\Phi_{pn}(x)\Phi_n(x)$的属于次高项$x^{\varphi(pn)+\varphi(n)-1}$的系数为$(-1)^{m+1}+a$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $而$\varphi(pn)+\varphi(n)-1=(p-1)\varphi(n)+\varphi(n)-1=p\varphi(n)-1,p\not\mid p\varphi(n)-1$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $这意味着$\Phi_{pn}(x)$的属于$x^{p\varphi(n)-1}$的系数为$0$，即$(-1)^{m+1}+a=0$，进而$a=(-1)^{m+2}$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $由数学归纳法知结论成立

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定理：$N_n^k=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{t|n;t为奇数}2^{\frac{n}{t}}\frac{\varphi(t)}{\varphi(\frac{t}{(k,t)})}\mu(\frac{t}{(k,t)})$

证明：由引理3，$N_n^k=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{j=1}^nw_n^{-kj}P_n(w_n^j)$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $由引理4，$N_n^k=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{j;\frac{n}{(n,j)}是奇数}w_n^{-kj}2^{(n,j)}$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $令$t=\frac{n}{(n,j)}$ ，$N_n^k=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{t|n;t是奇数}2^{\frac{n}{t}}\sum\limits_{x\in Z_t^\times}w_n^{-k\frac{n}{t}x}$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $由引理7，$N_n^k=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{t|n;t是奇数}2^{\frac{n}{t}}\frac{\varphi(t)}{\varphi(\frac{t}{(n,t)})}\sum\limits_{x\in Z_{\frac{t}{(k,t)}}^\times}w_{\frac{t}{(k,t)}}^x$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $由引理11，$N_n^k=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{t|n;t是奇数}2^{\frac{n}{t}}\frac{\varphi(t)}{\varphi(\frac{t}{(n,t)})}\mu(\frac{t}{(n,t)})$

$\ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ \ $特别的，当$k=0$时，$N_n^0=\frac{1}{n}\sum\limits_{t|n;t是奇数}2^{\frac{n}{t}}\varphi(t)$