【系统级编程】优化

80/20 rule: 大部分的时间花在小部分代码上。

性能度量

What are we need in CS

• OS: 分时系统
• Hardware: CPU wait for IO
• measuring program performance

time type:

• wall clock time: the overall time needed to run a particular program or solve a problem.
  • user time: executing instructions
  • system time: instruction execute in kernel.

cpu time

cpu time = user cpu time + system cpu time

timer in hardware

real time CMOS Clock 实时时钟 RTC

• CMOS RAM： Store time & configuration.
• low powered battery
• for the boot-up process

PIT 可编程间隔定时器，a counter that generates output signal

PIC, 可以用于中断控制。

TSC，时间戳计数器，本质是64bit寄存器，receive CLK signal from RTC。
be accessed using RDTSC——read TSC from register.(纳秒级别)

Windows: （毫秒级别）
QueryPerformanceFrequency
QueryPerformanceCounter

timer in OS

DWORD GetTickCount(void) 毫秒级别，49.7天清零。

• SYSTEM TIME（year ~ millsec）

  • GetLocalTime - 本地时间
  • GetSystemTime - UTC

• FILE TIME（计算时间间隔）

  • GetSystemTimeAsFileTime()

timer in c/cpp

clock_t clock_t clock()

time_t time()

时间统计

抽样统计

优点：资源利用少。
缺点：存在随机性，无法完全估计。