程序语言 | 编程范式/泛型一览

• 命令式，指示程序如何改变状态

  imperative: in which the programmer instructs the machine how to change its state
  - procedural which groups instructions into procedures
  - object-oriented which groups instructions with the part of the state they operate on

• 声明式：只说结果，不说过程

  declarative: in which the programmer merely declares properties of the desired result, but not how to compute it

一、命令式

指示程序如何改变状态

1.过程式 (Procedural programming)

采取过程调用或函数调用的方式来进行流程控制，包括一系列运算步骤的过程（Procedures），例程（routines），子程序（subroutines）, 方法（methods），或函数（functions）来控制。在程序执行的任何一个时间点，都可以调用某个特定的程序。任何一个特定的程序，也能被任意一个程序或是它自己本身调用。

2.面向对象（Object-oriented programming，OOP）

对象则指的是类（class）的实例。它将对象作为程序的基本单元，将程序和数据封装其中，以提高软件的重用性、灵活性和扩展性，对象里的程序可以访问及经常修改对象相关连的数据。

二、声明式

只说结果，不说过程

1.functional

in which the desired result is declared as the value of a series of function applications: OCaml, Haskell

2.logic

in which the desired result is declared as the answer to a question about a system of facts and rules: Prolog

3.mathematical

in which the desired result is declared as the solution of an optimization problem: . Wolfram Language, Matlab

3.reactive

in which the desired result is declared with data streams and the propagation of change: Verilog