编写一个产生随机数的库

电脑使用一个确定的过程产生一个随机数，将从实现者，使用者的角度出发。

标准库<cstdlib>中有一个函数rand可以产生随机数。

int rand();

不需要参数，返回一个int变量，随机数是一个正数，且不大于RAND_MAX，在<cstdlib>中有它的定义。

利用标准库写一个测试random的程序

// This program tests the random number generator in C++ and produces
// the values used in the examples in the text.
#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cstdlib>
using namespace std;

const int N_TRIALS = 10;

int main(int argc, char *argv[])
{
    cout << "On this computer, RAND_MAX is " << RAND_MAX << endl;
    cout << "The first " << N_TRIALS << " calls to rand: " << endl;
    for (int i = 0 ; i < N_TRIALS; ++i) {
        cout << setw(10) << rand() << endl;
    }
    return 0;
}

输出：

On this computer, RAND_MAX is 2147483647
The first 10 calls to rand:
1804289383
 846930886
1681692777
1714636915
1957747793
 424238335
 719885386
1649760492
 596516649
1189641421
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设置一个静态成员变量。

Like any local variable, a static local variable is accessible only within the body of the function; the difference with a static local variable is that the compiler allocates only one copy of that variable, which is then shared by all calls to initRandomSeed.

random.h

// This interface exports functions for generating pseudorandom numbers.
#ifndef RANDOM_H
#define RANDOM_H

// Returns a random integer in the range low to high, inclusive.
int randomInteger(int low, int high);

// Returns a random real number in the half-open interval [low .. high).
double randomReal(double low, double high);

// Returns true with the probability indicate by p.
bool randomChance(double p);

// Sets the internal random number seed to the specified value.
void setRandomSeed(int seed);

#endif // RANDOM_H

random.cpp

// This file implements the random.h interface

#include <cstdlib>
#include <cmath>
#include <ctime>
#include "random.h"

/* Private function prototype */
void initRandomSeed();

/*
 * Implementation notes: randomInteger
 * -----------------------------------
 * The code for randomInteger produces the number in four step:
 * 1. Generate a random real number d in the range [0..1).
 * 2. Scale the number to the range [0..N) where N is the number of values.
 * 3. Translate the number so that the range starts at the appropriate value.
 * 4. Convert the result to the next lower integer.
 *
 * The implementation is complicated by the fact that both the expression
 *      RAND_MAX + 1
 * and the expression for the number of values
 *      high - low + 1
 * can overflow the integer range.
 * These calculations must therefore be performed using doubles instead of ints.
 */

int randomInteger(int low, int high) {
    initRandomSeed();
    double d = rand() / (double(RAND_MAX) + 1);
    double s = d *(double(high) - low + 1);
    return int(floor(low + s));
}

double randomReal(double low, double high) {
    initRandomSeed();
    double d = rand() / (double(RAND_MAX) + 1);
    double s = d * (high - low);
    return low + s;
}

/*
 * Implementation notes: reanomChance
 * ----------------------------------
 * The code for randomChange calls randomReal(0, 1) and the checks
 * whether the result is less than the requested probability.
 */

bool randomChance(double p) {
    initRandomSeed();
    return randomReal(0, 1) < p;
}

void setRandomSeed(int seed) {
    initRandomSeed();
    srand(seed);
}

void initRandomSeed() {
    static bool initialized = false;
    if (!initialized) {
        srand(int(time(NULL)));
        initialized = true;
    }
}

/*
 * This program plays the casino game called craps, which is
 * played using a pair of dice. At the beginning of the game,
 * you roll the dice and compute the total. If your first roll
 * is 7 or 11, you win with what gamblers call a "natural."
 * If your first roll is 2, 3, or 12, you lose by "crapping out."
 * In any other case, the total from the first roll becomes your "point,"
 * after which you continue to roll the dice until one of following conditions occurs:
 *
 * a) You roll you point again, in which case you win.
 * b) You roll a 7, in which case you lose.
 *
 * Other rolls, including 2, 3, 11, and 12, have no effect during this phase of the game.
 */

#include <iostream>
#include "random.h"
using namespace std;

int rollTwoDice();
bool tryToMakePoint(int point);

int main() {
    cout << "This program plays a game of craps." << endl;
    int point = rollTwoDice();
    switch (point) {
    case 7: case 11 :
        cout << "That's a natural. You win." << endl;
        break;
     case 2: case 3: case 12:
        cout << "That's craps. You lose." << endl;
        break;
    default:
        cout << "Your point is " << point << "." << endl;
        if (tryToMakePoint(point)) {
            cout << "You made your point. You win." << endl;
        } else {
            cout << "You rolled a seven. You lose." << endl;
        }
        break;
    }
}



/*
 * Rolls the dice repeatedly until you either make your point or roll a 7.
 * The function returns true if you make your point and false if a 7 comes up first.
 */

bool tryToMakePoint(int point) {
    while (true) {
        int total = rollTwoDice();
        if (total == point) return true;
        if (total == 7) return false;
    }
}

int rollTwoDice() {
    cout << "Rolling the dice ..." << endl;
    int d1 = randomInteger(1, 6);
    int d2 = randomInteger(1, 6);
    int total = d1 + d2;
    cout << "you rolled " << d1 << " and " << d2 << " - that's " << total << endl;
    return total;
}

This program plays a game of craps.
Rolling the dice ...
you rolled 6 and 4 - that's 10
Your point is 10.
Rolling the dice ...
you rolled 6 and 1 - that's 7
You rolled a seven. You lose.
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