c++ 标准输入输出流基础

有三个重要的对象

cin   cout    cerr

以及一些manipulator有的带参数，有的不带参数。

/*
 * This program demonstrates various options for floating-point output
 * by displaying three different constants (pi, the speed of light in meters/second,
 * and the fine-structure constant). These constants
 * are chosen because they illustrate a range of exponent scales.
 */

#include <iostream>
#include <iomanip>
#include <cmath>
using namespace std;

const double PI = 3.1415926535897;
const double SPEED_OF_LIGHT = 2.99792458e+8;
const double FINE_STRUCTURE = 7.2573525e-3;

void printPrecisionTable();

int main() {
    cout << uppercase << right;
    cout << "Default format:" << endl << endl;
    printPrecisionTable();
    cout << endl << "Fixed format:" << fixed << endl << endl;
    printPrecisionTable();
    cout << endl << "Scientific format:" << scientific << endl << endl;
    printPrecisionTable();
    return 0;
}

void printPrecisionTable() {
    cout << "prec |     pi      | speed of light    | fine-structure" << endl;
    cout << "-------------------------------------------------------" << endl;
    for (int prec = 0; prec <= 6; prec +=2) {
        cout << setw(4) << prec << "  |";
        cout << " " << setw(12) << setprecision(prec) << PI << " |";
        cout << " " << setw(16) << setprecision(prec) << SPEED_OF_LIGHT << " |";
        cout << " " << setw(14) << setprecision(prec) << FINE_STRUCTURE << endl;
    }
}

Default format:

prec | pi | speed of light | fine-structure

-------------------------------------------------------

0 | 3 | 3E+08 | 0.007

2 | 3.1 | 3E+08 | 0.0073

4 | 3.142 | 2.998E+08 | 0.007257

6 | 3.14159 | 2.99792E+08 | 0.00725735

Fixed format: