SpringBoot——Web开发(一)

1.简介

使用SpringBoot:

(1)创建SpringBoot应用,选中我们需要的模块;

(2)SpringBoot已经默认将这些场景配置好了,只需要在配置文件中指定少量配置就可以运行起来;

(3)自家编写业务代码

从上面可以知道SpringBoot帮我们自动配置好,那么这个自动配置原理:这个场景SpringBoot帮我们配置了什么?能不能修改?能修改哪些配置?能不能扩展?

xxxxAutoConfiguration:帮我们给容器中自动配置组件;
xxxxProperties:配置类来封装配置文件的内容;

2.SpringBoot对静态资源的映射规则

使用 IntelliJ IDEA 中的 Spring Boot 初始化工具创建的项目,默认都会存在 resources/static 目录,很多小伙伴也知道静态资源只要放到这个目录下,就可以直接访问,除了这里还有没有其他可以放静态资源的位置呢?为什么放在这里就能直接访问了呢?这就是本节要讨论的内容了。

2.1 源码(webjars)

这个是SpringBoot自动配置的WebMvcAutoConfiguration类来帮我们干的。

	@Override
		public void addResourceHandlers(ResourceHandlerRegistry registry) {
			if (!this.resourceProperties.isAddMappings()) {
				logger.debug("Default resource handling disabled");
				return;
			}
			Duration cachePeriod = this.resourceProperties.getCache().getPeriod();
			CacheControl cacheControl = this.resourceProperties.getCache().getCachecontrol().toHttpCacheControl();
			if (!registry.hasMappingForPattern("/webjars/**")) {
				customizeResourceHandlerRegistration(registry.addResourceHandler("/webjars/**")
						.addResourceLocations("classpath:/META-INF/resources/webjars/")
						.setCachePeriod(getSeconds(cachePeriod)).setCacheControl(cacheControl));
			}
			....
		}

所有的/webjars/**,都去classpath:/META-INF/resource/webjars/找资源(webjars,以jar包的方式引入静态资源)。

什么是webjars?就是以jar包的方式引入静态资源。官网地址:http://www.webjars.org/。类似于maven仓库。

2.2 源码(静态资源目录,和上面一个方法)

//addResourceHandlers:
String staticPathPattern = this.mvcProperties.getStaticPathPattern();
			if (!registry.hasMappingForPattern(staticPathPattern)) {
				customizeResourceHandlerRegistration(registry.addResourceHandler(staticPathPattern)
						.addResourceLocations(getResourceLocations(this.resourceProperties.getStaticLocations()))
						.setCachePeriod(getSeconds(cachePeriod)).setCacheControl(cacheControl));
			}

继续追溯源码:mvcProperties.getStaticPathPattern(),这个到了WebMvcProperties类中:

	public String getStaticPathPattern() {
		return this.staticPathPattern;
	}

//查看staticPathPattern
	private String staticPathPattern = "/**";

继续追溯源码resourceProperties.getStaticLocations(),这个到了ResourceProperties类中:

public String[] getStaticLocations() {
		return this.staticLocations;
	}

	private String[] staticLocations = CLASSPATH_RESOURCE_LOCATIONS;

	private static final String[] CLASSPATH_RESOURCE_LOCATIONS = { "classpath:/META-INF/resources/",
			"classpath:/resources/", "classpath:/static/", "classpath:/public/" };

/**访问当前项目的任何资源,都去(静态资源的文件夹)找映射,优先级从上到下

classpath:/META-INF/resources/
classpath:/resources/
classpath:/static/
classpath:/public/
/:当前项目的根路径

localhost:8080/abc===>去静态资源文件夹里面找abc

2.3 源码(默认首页)

@Bean
		public WelcomePageHandlerMapping welcomePageHandlerMapping(ApplicationContext applicationContext,
				FormattingConversionService mvcConversionService, ResourceUrlProvider mvcResourceUrlProvider) {
			WelcomePageHandlerMapping welcomePageHandlerMapping = new WelcomePageHandlerMapping(
					new TemplateAvailabilityProviders(applicationContext), applicationContext, getWelcomePage(),
					this.mvcProperties.getStaticPathPattern());
			welcomePageHandlerMapping.setInterceptors(getInterceptors(mvcConversionService, mvcResourceUrlProvider));
			welcomePageHandlerMapping.setCorsConfigurations(getCorsConfigurations());
			return welcomePageHandlerMapping;
		}

追溯到getWelcomePage源码:

private Optional<Resource> getWelcomePage() {
			String[] locations = getResourceLocations(this.resourceProperties.getStaticLocations());
			return Arrays.stream(locations).map(this::getIndexHtml).filter(this::isReadable).findFirst();
		}

这个getStaticLocation和上面是一样的。上述代码翻译出来:

return new WelcomePageHandlerMapping(
    "classpath:/META-INF/resources/index.html",
    "classpath:/resources/index.html",
    "classpath:/static/index.html",
    "classpath:/public/index.html",
    "/index.html"
    , "/**");

默认首页:静态资源文件夹下的所有的index.html页面,被/**映射。

一句话概括:WebAutoConfiguration类自动为我们注册了如下文件为默认首页。

classpath:/META-INF/resources/index.html
classpath:/resources/index.html
classpath:/static/index.html
classpath:/public/index.html
/index.html

3.模板引擎

JSPVelocityFreemarkerThymeleaf

SpringBoot推荐Thymeleaf,语法更简单,功能更强大。

3.1 引入Thymeleaf

在pom.xml文件中:

<dependency>
            <groupId>org.springframework.boot</groupId>
            <artifactId>spring-boot-starter-thymeleaf</artifactId>
   </dependency>

3.2 Thymeleaf的使用

3.2.1 源码

@ConfigurationProperties(prefix = "spring.thymeleaf")
public class ThymeleafProperties {

	private static final Charset DEFAULT_ENCODING = StandardCharsets.UTF_8;

	public static final String DEFAULT_PREFIX = "classpath:/templates/";

	public static final String DEFAULT_SUFFIX = ".html";

只需要把HTML页面放在classpath:/templates/,thymeleaf就能自动渲染。

3.2.2 使用步骤

1.在HTML页面导入thymeleaf的名称空间

<html lang="en"  xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">

2.使用thymeleaf的语法

<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en" xmlns:th="http://www.thymeleaf.org">
<head>
<meta charset="UTF‐8">
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>成功!</h1>
<!‐‐th:text 将div里面的文本内容设置为 ‐‐>
<div th:text="${hello}">这是显示欢迎信息</div>
</body>
</html>

3.3 Thymeleaf的语法规则

(1)th:text 改变当前元素的文本内容

th:任意html属性,来替换原生属性的值。

(2)表达式

Simple expressions:(表达式语法)
Variable Expressions: ${...}:获取变量值;OGNL;
   1)、获取对象的属性、调用方法
   2)、使用内置的基本对象:
      #ctx : the context object.
      #vars: the context variables.
      #locale : the context locale.
      #request : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpServletRequest object.
      #response : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpServletResponse object.
      #session : (only in Web Contexts) the HttpSession object.
      #servletContext : (only in Web Contexts) the ServletContext object.
      ${session.foo}
   3)、内置的一些工具对象:
#execInfo : information about the template being processed.
#messages : methods for obtaining externalized messages inside variables expressions, in the
same way as they would be obtained using #{…} syntax.
#uris : methods for escaping parts of URLs/URIs
#conversions : methods for executing the configured conversion service (if any).
#dates : methods for java.util.Date objects: formatting, component extraction, etc.
#calendars : analogous to #dates , but for java.util.Calendar objects.
#numbers : methods for formatting numeric objects.
#strings : methods for String objects: contains, startsWith, prepending/appending, etc.
#objects : methods for objects in general.
#bools : methods for boolean evaluation.
#arrays : methods for arrays.
#lists : methods for lists.
#sets : methods for sets.
#maps : methods for maps.
#aggregates : methods for creating aggregates on arrays or collections.
#ids : methods for dealing with id attributes that might be repeated (for example, as a
result of an iteration).
      Selection Variable Expressions: *{...}:选择表达式:和${}在功能上是一样;
      补充:配合 th:object="${session.user}:
      <div th:object="${session.user}">
        <p>Name: <span th:text="*{firstName}">Sebastian</span>.</p>
        <p>Surname: <span th:text="*{lastName}">Pepper</span>.</p>
        <p>Nationality: <span th:text="*{nationality}">Saturn</span>.</p>
     </div>
   Message Expressions: #{...}:获取国际化内容
   Link URL Expressions: @{...}:定义URL;
       @{/order/process(execId=${execId},execType='FAST')}
   Fragment Expressions: ~{...}:片段引用表达式
       <div th:insert="~{commons :: main}">...</div>
   Literals(字面量) 
         Text literals: 'one text' , 'Another one!' ,…
         Number literals: 0 , 34 , 3.0 , 12.3 ,…
         Boolean literals: true , false
         Null literal: null
         Literal tokens: one , sometext , main ,…
   Text operations:(文本操作)
         String concatenation: +
        Literal substitutions: |The name is ${name}|
Arithmetic operations:(数学运算)
        Binary operators: + , ‐ , * , / , %
        Minus sign (unary operator): ‐
Boolean operations:(布尔运算)
        Binary operators: and , or
        Boolean negation (unary operator): ! , not
Comparisons and equality:(比较运算)
        Comparators: > , < , >= , <= ( gt , lt , ge , le )
        Equality operators: == , != ( eq , ne )
Conditional operators:条件运算(三元运算符)
        If‐then: (if) ? (then)
        If‐then‐else: (if) ? (then) : (else)
        Default: (value) ?: (defaultvalue)
Special tokens:
No‐Operation: _

4.SpringMVC自动配置

4.1 Spring MVC auto-configuration

SpringBoot自动配置好了SpringMVC。

以下是SpringBoot对SpringMVC的默认配置(WebMvcAutoConfiguration):

  • Inclusion of ContentNegotiatingViewResolver and BeanNameViewResolver beans.

(1)自动配置了ViewResolver(视图解析器:根据方法的返回值得到了视图对象(View),视图对象决定如何渲染(转发,重定向))

(2)ContentNegotiatingViewResolver :组合所有的视图解析器的。

(3)如何定制?我们可以给容器中添加一个视图解析器;自动将其组合起来。

  • Support for serving static resources, including support for WebJars (see below).静态资源文件夹路 径,webjars
  • Static index.html support. 静态首页访问
  • 自动注册了 of Converter , GenericConverter , Formatter beans.

(1)Conveter :转换器;public String hello(User user):类型转换使用Converter

(2)Formatter:格式转换器

(3)自己添加的格式转换器,只需要放在容器中

  • Support for HttpMessageConverters (see below).

(1)HttpMessageConveters:SpringMVC用来转换Http请求和响应的;User->Json

(2)HttpMessageConveters是从容器中确定;获取所有的HttpMessageConveter;

(3)自己给容器中添加HttpMessageConveter,只需要将自己的组件注册容器中的(@Bean,@Component)

  • Automatic registration of MessageCodesResolver (see below).定义错误代码生成规则
  • Automatic use of a ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer bean (see below).

(1)可以配置一个ConfigurableWebBindingInitializer来替换默认的(添加到容器)

1)初始化WebDataBinder
2)请求数据======JavaBean
org.springframework.boot.autoconfigure.web:web的所有自动场景;
  If you want to keep Spring Boot MVC features, and you just want to add additional MVC configuration
(interceptors, formatters, view controllers etc.) you can add your own @Configuration class of type
WebMvcConfigurerAdapter , but without @EnableWebMvc . If you wish to provide custom instances of
RequestMappingHandlerMapping , RequestMappingHandlerAdapter or ExceptionHandlerExceptionResolver
you can declare a WebMvcRegistrationsAdapter instance providing such components.
If you want to take complete control of Spring MVC, you can add your own @Configuration annotated with
@EnableWebMvc .

4.2 扩展SpringMVC

看看之前SpringMVC的写法:

<mvc:view‐controller path="/hello" view‐name="success"/>
<mvc:interceptors>
  <mvc:interceptor>
    <mvc:mapping path="/hello"/>
    <bean></bean>
  </mvc:interceptor>
</mvc:interceptors>

4.2.1 扩展方法

编写一个配置类(@Configuration),是WebMvcConfigurer类型,不能标注@EnableWebMvc。

@Configuration
public class MyMvcConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {

    @Override
    public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
       //浏览器发送test请求,会来到success页面
        registry.addViewController("/test").setViewName("success");
    }
}

4.2.2 扩展原理

(1)WebMvcAutoConfiguration是SpringMVC的自动配置类。

(2)在这个类中做其他配置时会导入,@Import(EnableWebMvcConfiguration.class)。点进去(这个类还在WebMvcAutoConfiguration)

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
	public static class EnableWebMvcConfiguration extends DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration implements ResourceLoaderAware {

		private final ResourceProperties resourceProperties;

		private final WebMvcProperties mvcProperties;

		private final ListableBeanFactory beanFactory;

		private final WebMvcRegistrations mvcRegistrations;

		private ResourceLoader resourceLoader;

  ...
}

(3)容器中的所有WebMvcConfigurer都会一起起作用

(4)我们的配置类也会被调用

SpringMVC的自动配置和我们的扩展配置都会起作用。

4.3 全面接管SpringMVC

SpringBoot对SpringMVC自动配置不需要了,所以都是我们自己配置的,所有的SpringMVC的自动配置都失效了。

4.3.1 使用方法

我们需要在配置类中添加@EnableWebMvc即可。

//使用WebMvcConfigurer可以用来扩展SpringMVC的功能
//@EnableWebMvc全面接管SpringMVC
@EnableWebMvc
@Configuration
public class MyMvcConfig implements WebMvcConfigurer {

    @Override
    public void addViewControllers(ViewControllerRegistry registry) {
       //浏览器发送test请求,会来到success页面
        registry.addViewController("/test").setViewName("success");
    }
}

4.3.2 原理

为什么@EnableWebMvc自动配置就失效了?

(1)@EnableWebMvc的核心:

@Retention(RetentionPolicy.RUNTIME)
@Target({ElementType.TYPE})
@Documented
@Import({DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration.class})
public @interface EnableWebMvc {
}

(2)点进去DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration,可以看到DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration继承了WebMvcConfigurationSupport:

public class DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration extends WebMvcConfigurationSupport {
    private final WebMvcConfigurerComposite configurers = new WebMvcConfigurerComposite();

    public DelegatingWebMvcConfiguration() {
    }

    @Autowired(
        required = false
    )
    public void setConfigurers(List<WebMvcConfigurer> configurers) {
        if (!CollectionUtils.isEmpty(configurers)) {
            this.configurers.addWebMvcConfigurers(configurers);
        }

    }

(3)查看WebMvcAutoConfiguration:

@Configuration(proxyBeanMethods = false)
@ConditionalOnWebApplication(type = Type.SERVLET)
@ConditionalOnClass({ Servlet.class, DispatcherServlet.class, WebMvcConfigurer.class })
//容器中没有这个组件的时候,这个自动配置类才会生效
@ConditionalOnMissingBean(WebMvcConfigurationSupport.class)
@AutoConfigureOrder(Ordered.HIGHEST_PRECEDENCE + 10)
@AutoConfigureAfter({ DispatcherServletAutoConfiguration.class, TaskExecutionAutoConfiguration.class,
		ValidationAutoConfiguration.class })
public class WebMvcAutoConfiguration {
...
}

(4)@EnableWebMvc将WebMbcConfigurationSupport组件导入进来。

(5)导入的WebMvcConfigurationSupport只是SpringMVC的最基本的功能。

5.如何修改SpringBoot的默认配置

(1)SpringBoot在自动配置很多组件的时候,先看容器中有没有用户自己配置的(@Bean,@Component),如果有就用用户配置的。如果没有,才自动配置;如果有些组件可以有多个(ViewResolver)将用户配置的和自己默认的组合起来。

(2)在SpringBoot中会有非常多的xxxConfigurer帮助我们进行扩展配置

(3)在SpringBoot中会有非常多的xxxCustomizer帮助我们进行定制配置

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