数据结构与算法(C++)-- 算法分析

数据结构与算法(C++)– 算法分析


算法分析包括:时间复杂度和空间复杂度分析。以下主要是时间复杂度的分析。


1、数学定义

这里写图片描述

  • O 表示前面是后面的下界,后面是前面的上界
  • Ω 表示前面是后面的上界,后面是前面的下界

这里写图片描述


2、运算法则

这里写图片描述

  • 计算大O时,忽略低阶项和常数因子。
    • T(N) = O(N^2) = O(2N^2) = O(N^2+N)
  • 可以用求极限 lim f(N)/g(N) 来确定 f(N) 和 g(N) 的相对增长率,必要时可以使用洛必达法则。
    • 极限 = 0: f(N) = o(g(N) )
    • 极限是常数但!= 0: f(N) = θ(g(N) )
    • 极限 = 正无穷: g(N) = o(f(N) )
    • 极限不存在:无关系

3、运行时间的计算

  • 分析算法的时间复杂度时,不考虑内存访问时间。
  • 若无指定,所求的时间复杂度用最坏的情况表示
  • 有时也会用平均时间来衡量,但通常准确计算平均时间比较困难

时间计算的一般法则:

  • for 循环:O(N)
  • 嵌套 for 循环(n层):O(N^n)
  • 顺序语句:各个语句的运行时间求和
  • if/else 语句:判断时间 + 两者较长

时间复杂度排序:
这里写图片描述


4、最大子序列和

求一个序列中,连续元素和最大的子序列

int maxSubSum(const vector<int>& a)
{
    int maxSum = 0; 
    thisSum = 0;
    for(int i = 0; j<a.size(); ++j)
    {
        thisSum += a[j];
        if(thisSum > maxSum)
            maxSum = thisSum;
        else if(thisSum < 0)
            thisSum = 0;
    }
    return maxSum
}
  • 时间复杂度为 O(N)
  • 如果当前序列和大于当前的最大子序列和,更新最大子序列和
  • 如果序列和 < 0 表示这将不会对后面和做出任何贡献,舍弃

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matrix.h: Simple matrix class dsexceptions.h: Simple exception classes Fig01_02.cpp: A simple recursive routine with a test program Fig01_03.cpp: An example of infinite recursion Fig01_04.cpp: Recursive routine to print numbers, with a test program Fig01_05.cpp: Simplest IntCell class, with a test program Fig01_06.cpp: IntCell class with a few extras, with a test program IntCell.h: IntCell class interface (Fig 1.7) IntCell.cpp: IntCell class implementation (Fig 1.8) TestIntCell.cpp: IntCell test program (Fig 1.9) (need to compile IntCell.cpp also) Fig01_10.cpp: Illustration of using the vector class Fig01_11.cpp: Dynamically allocating an IntCell object (lame) BuggyIntCell.cpp: Buggy IntCell class implementation (Figs 1.16 and 1.17) Fig01_18.cpp: IntCell class with pointers and Big Five FindMax.cpp: Function template FindMax (Figs 1.19 and 1.20) Fig01_21.cpp: MemoryCell class template without separation Fig01_25.cpp: Using function objects: Case insensitive string comparison LambdaExample.cpp: (Not in the book): rewriting Fig 1.25 with lambdas MaxSumTest.cpp: Various maximum subsequence sum algorithms Fig02_09.cpp: Test program for binary search Fig02_10.cpp: Euclid's algorithm, with a test program Fig02_11.cpp: Recursive exponentiation algorithm, with a test program RemoveEveryOtherItem.cpp: Remove every other item in a collection Vector.h: Vector class List.h: List class BinarySearchTree.h: Binary search tree TestBinarySearchTree.cpp: Test program for binary search tree AvlTree.h: AVL tree TestAvlTree.cpp: Test program for AVL trees mapDemo.cpp: Map demos WordLadder.cpp: Word Ladder Program and Word Changing Utilities SeparateChaining.h: Header file for separate chaining SeparateChaining.cpp: Implementation for separate chaining TestSeparateChaining.cpp: Test program for separate chaining hash tables (need to compile SeparateChaining.cpp also) QuadraticProbing.h: Header file for quadratic probing hash table QuadraticProbing.cpp: Implementation for quadratic probing hash table TestQuadraticProbing.cpp: Test program for quadratic probing hash tables (need to compile QuadraticProbing.cpp also) CuckooHashTable.h: Header file for cuckoo hash table CuckooHashTable.cpp: Implementation for cuckoo hash table TestCuckooHashTable.cpp: Test program for cuckoo hash tables (need to compile CuckooHashTable.cpp also) CaseInsensitiveHashTable.cpp: Case insensitive hash table from STL (Figure 5.23) BinaryHeap.h: Binary heap TestBinaryHeap.cpp: Test program for binary heaps LeftistHeap.h: Leftist heap TestLeftistHeap.cpp: Test program for leftist heaps BinomialQueue.h: Binomial queue TestBinomialQueue.cpp: Test program for binomial queues TestPQ.cpp: Priority Queue Demo Sort.h: A collection of sorting and selection routines TestSort.cpp: Test program for sorting and selection routines RadixSort.cpp: Radix sorts DisjSets.h: Header file for disjoint sets algorithms DisjSets.cpp: Efficient implementation of disjoint sets algorithm TestFastDisjSets.cpp: Test program for disjoint sets algorithm WordLadder.cpp: Word Ladder Program and Word Changing Utilities Fig10_38.cpp: Simple matrix multiplication algorithm with a test program Fig10_40.cpp: Algorithms to compute Fibonacci numbers Fig10_43.cpp: Inefficient recursive algorithm (see text) Fig10_45.cpp: Better algorithm to replace fig10_43.c (see text) Fig10_46.cpp: Dynamic programming algorithm for optimal chain matrix multiplication, with a test program Fig10_53.cpp: All-pairs algorithm, with a test program Random.h: Header file for random number class Random.cpp: Implementation for random number class TestRandom.cpp: Test program for random number class UniformRandom.h: Random number class using standard library Fig10_63.cpp: Randomized primality testing algorithm, with a test program SplayTree.h: Top-down splay tree TestSplayTree.cpp: Test program for splay trees RedBlackTree.h: Top-down red black tree TestRedBlackTree.cpp: Test program for red black trees Treap.h: Treap TestTreap.cpp: Test program for treap SuffixArray.cpp: Suffix array KdTree.cpp: Implementation and test program for k-d trees PairingHeap.h: Pairing heap TestPairingHeap.cpp: Test program for pairing heaps MemoryCell.h: MemoryCell class interface (Appendix) MemoryCell.cpp: MemoryCell class implementation (Appendix) MemoryCellExpand.cpp: MemoryCell instantiation file (Appendix) TestMemoryCell.cpp: MemoryCell test program (Appendix)

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