HTTP分解一

http分解一

    首先，我不在这个地方来说这个http是个啥东西，不会了看完整定义去，记住，我这个地方是通过代码实现来告诉你http具体是个啥玩意。其次，我们只考虑这个http协议层传输，先不要考虑tcp/ip和物理层的数据传输。这个传输是基于socket套接字建立起来的。

好！现在我们先来看一下这个socket是个啥玩意,因为这个http是建立在socket套接字上的。看完下面的实现代码我将让你明白http的作用是啥。

package com.devil.java.practice.secoket;

import java.io.DataInputStream;
import java.io.DataOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;

/**
 * socket客户端，用于发起一次链接请求
 * 
 * @author devil
 *
 */
public class SocketClient {

    public static void main(String[] args) {
        // 指定访问的服务端的主机地址
        String host = "127.0.0.1";
        // 指定链接的端口号
        int port = 8181;
        // 我们开始链接服务端
        try {
            Socket socket = new Socket(host, port);
            DataInputStream din = new DataInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
            DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
            String sayClient = "hello server!";
            String sayServer = "";
            dout.writeUTF(sayClient);
            dout.flush();
            sayServer = din.readUTF();
            System.out.println("Server says: " + sayServer);
            dout.close();
            socket.close();
        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
            System.out.println(e.getMessage());
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.out.println(e.getMessage());
        }

    }

}

package com.devil.java.practice.secoket;

import java.io.DataInputStream;
import java.io.DataOutputStream;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

/**
 * socket服务端
 * 
 * @author devil
 *
 */
public class SocketService {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int port = 8181;
        ServerSocket server = null;
        ExecutorService executors = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
        try {
            // 我们启动服务端监听127.0.0.1的8181端口
            server = new ServerSocket(port);
            while (true) {
                // 我们只链接一次，如果需要可以做一个循环一直监听
                Socket socket = server.accept();
                executors.execute(new Server(socket));
            }

        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());

        }
    }

    public static class Server implements Runnable {

        private Socket socket;

        public Server(Socket socket) {
            this.socket = socket;
        }

        public void run() {
            try {
                DataInputStream din = new DataInputStream(socket.getInputStream());
                DataOutputStream dout = new DataOutputStream(socket.getOutputStream());
                String sayClient = "";
                String sayServer = "hello client!";
                sayClient = din.readUTF();
                System.out.println("Client says: " + sayClient);
                dout.writeUTF(sayServer);
                dout.flush();
                socket.close();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                System.out.println(e.getMessage());
            }

        }

    }
}

Server says: hello client!
Client says: hello server!

 通上面的代码可以简单的实现通信，当然这个通信之间没有任何的协议，就是单纯的字符串的传递。那么我们可以考虑一下，如果我们需要传递的是一个文件那么应该咋做？接下来我们先讲一下这个http协议的格式。

http协议的格式

一、 请求的格式
「请求的方法·空格·URL·空格·协议版本·回车符·换行符」（请求行）
「头部字段名·冒号·值·回车符·换行符」（请求的头部）
「······」
「头部字段名·冒号·值·回车符·换行符」
「回车符·换行符」
「请求的数据」（请求的数据）

GET /devil?index=1 HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:8181
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.12; rv:51.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/51.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: keep-alive
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Cache-Control: max-age=0

二、 响应的格式
「版本协议·空格·状态码·空格·状态码的描述·回车符·换行符」（请求行）
「头部字段名·冒号·值·回车符·换行符」（请求的头部）
「······」
「头部字段名·冒号·值·回车符·换行符」
「回车符·换行符」
「请求的数据」（请求的数据）

HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Date: Fri Mar 03 11:00:43 CST 2017
Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8
Content-Length: 12

Hello World!

我们改一下服务端的代码通过浏览器请求看是不是这个结果

package com.devil.java.practice.secoket;

import java.io.BufferedReader;
import java.io.IOException;
import java.io.InputStreamReader;
import java.io.PrintStream;
import java.net.ServerSocket;
import java.net.Socket;
import java.net.UnknownHostException;
import java.util.Date;
import java.util.HashMap;
import java.util.Map;
import java.util.concurrent.ExecutorService;
import java.util.concurrent.Executors;

/**
 * socket服务端
 * 
 * @author devil
 *
 */
public class SocketService {

    public static void main(String[] args) {

        int port = 8181;
        ServerSocket server = null;
        ExecutorService executors = Executors.newFixedThreadPool(5);
        try {
            // 我们启动服务端监听127.0.0.1的8181端口
            server = new ServerSocket(port);
            while (true) {
                // 我们只链接一次，如果需要可以做一个循环一直监听
                Socket socket = server.accept();
                executors.execute(new Server(socket));
            }

        } catch (UnknownHostException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());
        } catch (IOException e) {
            System.err.println(e.getMessage());

        }
    }

    public static class Server implements Runnable {

        private Socket socket;

        public Server(Socket socket) {
            this.socket = socket;
        }

        public void run() {
            try {
                BufferedReader read = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader(socket.getInputStream()));
                PrintStream print = new PrintStream(socket.getOutputStream());
                String sayClient = "";
                System.out.println("-----------------------请求头中的值-------------------------");
                Map<String, String> hear = new HashMap<String, String>();
                sayClient = read.readLine();
                while (sayClient.length() != 0) {
                    // 显示请求头的信息
                    System.out.println(sayClient);
                    // 去掉包含的空格
                    sayClient = sayClient.trim();
                    // 通过冒号取出键值对
                    String[] k = sayClient.split(":");
                    if (k.length == 2) {
                        hear.put(k[0], k[1]);
                    }
                    // 读取下一个请求头的值
                    sayClient = read.readLine();
                }
                System.out.println(hear);
                System.out.println("-----------------------BODY 中的值-------------------------");
                // 获取body中的字节长度
                String length = hear.get("Content-Length");
                // 如果存在键值对，那么有值我们读取body中的数据
                if (length != null) {
                    length = length.trim();
                    char[] b = new char[Integer.valueOf(length)];
                    read.read(b);
                    System.out.println(new String(b));
                }
                System.out.println("-----------------------READ END-------------------------");
                // 返回给客户端的数据
                String result = "Hello World!";
                // 拼接响应头
                print.println("HTTP/1.1 200 OK");
                print.println("Date: " + new Date());
                print.println("Content-Type: text/html; charset=utf-8");
                print.println("Content-Length: " + result.getBytes().length);
                // 空行
                print.println();
                // 响应的数据
                print.println(result);
                print.flush();
                System.out.println("-----------------------PRINT END-------------------------");
                socket.close();
            } catch (IOException e) {
                System.out.println(e.getMessage());
            }

        }

    }
}

get请求的结果：直接在浏览器中请求。NOTE:响应的数据都是Hello World！

-----------------------请求头中的值-------------------------
GET /devil/index.html HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:8181
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.12; rv:51.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/51.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: keep-alive
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
{Upgrade-Insecure-Requests= 1, Accept-Language= zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3, Accept-Encoding= gzip, deflate, Connection= keep-alive, Accept= text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8}
-----------------------BODY 中的值-------------------------
-----------------------READ END-------------------------
-----------------------PRINT END-------------------------

post请求的结果：用火狐浏览器的编辑重发，在body中输入的值是index=12345。NOTE:响应的数据都是Hello World！

-----------------------请求头中的值-------------------------
post /devil/index.html HTTP/1.1
Host: 127.0.0.1:8181
User-Agent: Mozilla/5.0 (Macintosh; Intel Mac OS X 10.12; rv:51.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/51.0
Accept: text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8
Accept-Language: zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3
Accept-Encoding: gzip, deflate
Connection: keep-alive
Upgrade-Insecure-Requests: 1
Content-Length: 11
Pragma: no-cache
Cache-Control: no-cache
{Upgrade-Insecure-Requests= 1, Accept-Language= zh-CN,zh;q=0.8,en-US;q=0.5,en;q=0.3, Content-Length= 11, Accept-Encoding= gzip, deflate, Connection= keep-alive, Accept= text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8, Cache-Control= no-cache, Pragma= no-cache}
-----------------------BODY 中的值-------------------------
11
index=12345
-----------------------READ END-------------------------
-----------------------PRINT END-------------------------

那么我们现在就可以理解这个http协议，其是它就是人们定义一个通信格式和标准。就像语言一样，通过同一个语言来描述一件事物，那么对方就可以知道你想表达的意思，并用相同的语言和你交流（响应）。