一、lxml库简述
lxml库是一个HTML、XML的解析器，主要功能是如何解析和提取HTML、XML数据。它和正则一样是用 C 实现的，是一款高性能的 Python HTML/XML 解析器，可以利用之前学习的XPath语法，来快速的定位特定元素以及节点信息。
lxml python 官方文档:http://lxml.de/index.html
需要安装C语言库，可使用 pip 安装：pip install lxml
二、lxml库的基本使用
（1）从字符串中解析HTML代码：etree.html(str)
函数定义：
HTML(text, parser=None, base_url=None)
Parses an HTML document from a string constant. Returns the root node (or the result returned by a parser target).
作用：
解析HTML代码的时候，如果HTML代码不规范，自动进行补全
利用etree.HTML（string），将字符串解析为HTML文档
利用etree.tostring(html) 按字符串将HTML文档序列化为bytes类型,可通过decode('utf-8')解码为str类型
etree.tostring()函数详解稍后给出
返回值：返回一个<class 'lxml.etree._Element'>对象
参数列表：
parser：主要是重写overrie该函数的解析机制时传入，一般不用
base_url:为该生成的html文档设置url，以此来支持查找外部实体时可使用相对路径
The ``base_url`` keyword allows setting a URL for the document
when parsing from a file-like object. This is needed when looking
up external entities (DTD, XInclude, ...) with relative paths.
from lxml import etree
text = '''
<div>
<ul>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
<li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a> <!--注意 这里少了一个<li>标签-->
</ul>
</div>
'''
html = etree.HTML(text)
print(type(html))
print(html)
bytes_res = etree.tostring(html)
print(bytes_res)
str_res = etree.tostring(html).decode('utf-8')
print(str_res)
运行结果
<Element html at 0x3197b98>
<class 'lxml.etree._Element'>
b'<html><body><div>\n <ul>\n <li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>\n <li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>\n <li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>\n <li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>\n <li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a> <!--注意 这里少了一个<li>标签-->\n </li></ul>\n </div>\n</body></html>'
<html><body><div>
<ul>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
<li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a> <!--注意 这里少了一个<li>标签-->
</li></ul>
</div>
</body></html>
<class 'str'>
lxml会自动修改HTML代码。例子中不仅补全了li标签，还添加了body，html标签
但是我们的中文注释还是乱码 这就需要我们了解一下etree.tostring()函数
etree.tostring()函数定义（了解即可）
tostring(element_or_tree, encoding=None, method="xml",
xml_declaration=None, pretty_print=False, with_tail=True,
standalone=None, doctype=None,
exclusive=False, inclusive_ns_prefixes=None,
with_comments=True, strip_text=False,
)
作用：Serialize an element to an encoded string representation of its XML tree.
参数列表：
encoding,xml_declaration 编码相关
注意：未指定参数xml_declaration默认是把ASCII编码的字符串转为html文档
这意味着我们传入的字符串中不能含有中文等，因此若含有中文需要指定参数encoding=‘utf-8’
手动指定参数encoding为非utf-8/ASCII编码时，默认允许declaration
Defaults to ASCII encoding without XML declaration. This
behaviour can be configured with the keyword arguments 'encoding'
(string) and 'xml_declaration' (bool). Note that changing the
encoding to a non UTF-8 compatible encoding will enable a
declaration by default.
You can also serialise to a Unicode string without declaration by
passing the name ``'unicode'`` as encoding (or the ``str`` function
in Py3 or ``unicode`` in Py2). This changes the return value from
a byte string to an unencoded unicode string.
pretty_print' (bool) enables formatted XML.
method：' selects the output method: 'xml','html', plain 'text' (text content without tags), 'c14n' or 'c14n2'. Default is 'xml'.
更多了解参见help dir
因此上述代码
str_res = etree.tostring(html).decode('utf-8')修改为
str_res = etree.tostring(html，encoding=‘utf-8’).decode('utf-8')
即可解决中文乱码 即在tostring是指定编码为utf-8，再按照utf-8解码
因为tostring默认是ascii码编码
即utf-8不能含有中文，先在tostring()指定编码会江中文按照utf-8进行编码
再解码输出就自然不会有问题了
（2）从文件中读取html代码：etree.parse(file)
函数定义
parse(source, parser=None, base_url=None):
返回值： 返回一个ElementTree对象
参数列表：
（1）The ``source`` can be any of the following:
- a file name/path
- a file object
- a file-like object
- a URL using the HTTP or FTP protocol
（2）If no parser is provided as second argument, the default parser is used.
To parse from a string, use the ``fromstring()`` function instead.
Note that it is generally faster to parse from a file path or URL
than from an open file object or file-like object. Transparent
decompression from gzip compressed sources is supported (unless
explicitly disabled in libxml2).
from lxml import etree
html = etree.parse('html.html')
res = etree.tostring(html)
print(res.decode('utf-8'))
运行结果：
lxml.etree.XMLSyntaxError:Opening and ending tag mismatch: li line 7 and ul, line 8, column 11
注意：
从html文件中直接读取，若存在html语法错误不会像从字符串中读取那样自动修正 而是会报错
修正html语法错误无报错但是输出中文同样乱码 且没有自动补全html body等标签
输出
<div>
<ul>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
<li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> <!--注意，这里少了一个<li>标签-->
</ul>
</div>
解决乱码
方法一：
像从字符串中读取html一样修正res = etree.tostring(html，encoding='utf-8')
方法二：
print('===========解决html中文乱码方法2===========')
parser = etree.HTMLParser(encoding='utf-8')
htmlElement = etree.parse("html.html", parser=parser)
print(etree.tostring(htmlElement, encoding='utf-8').decode('utf-8'))
但是这样每一行最后都多了一个 
 貌似是换行符\n还是空格乱码了 这里旨在说明可以自定义解析器parser
输出内容是
<!DOCTYPE html PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD HTML 4.0 Transitional//EN" "http://www.w3.org/TR/REC-html40/loose.dtd">
<html><body><div>
<ul>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link1.html">first item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link2.html">second item</a></li>
<li class="item-inactive"><a href="link3.html">third item</a></li>
<li class="item-1"><a href="link4.html">fourth item</a></li>
<li class="item-0"><a href="link5.html">fifth item</a></li> <!--注意，这里少了一个<li>标签-->
</ul>
</div>
</body></html>
总结
从字符串解析HTML是etree.HTML()
从文件解析HTML是etree.parse()
构造etree.HTML()或者etree.parse()的parser参数是etree.HTMLParser()
读取解析出来是的HTML是etree.tostring().decode()
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