class \ have access to | private elements | default elements (no modifier) | protected elements | public elements |
---|---|---|---|---|
own class (Base ) | yes | yes | yes | yes |
subclass - same package (SubA ) | no | yes | yes | yes |
class - same package (AnotherA ) | no | yes | yes | yes |
subclass - another package (SubB ) | no | no | yes/no * | yes |
class - another package (AnotherB ) | no | no | no | yes |
*与基类不在同一个包中的子类,只能访问自身从基类继承而来的受保护成员,而不能访问基类实例本身的受保护成员。
举个例子说明:
package package1;
public Class Base{
protected int i=5;}
package package2;
public Class SubB extends Base{
public static void main(String arg[]){
SubB subb = new SubB();
subb.i=6;
System.out.println(sub.i);// 正确 与基类不在同一个包中的子类,可以访问自身从基类继承而来的受保护成员
Base base=new Base();
base.i=6;
System.out.println(base.i);//错误 与基类不在同一个包中的子类,不能访问基类实例本身的受保护成员
}
}
其实default(friendly)与protected的区别就在于,与基类不在同一个包中的子类可以继承基类的protected元素,却无法继承default元素。看到很多人说
|
public
|
protected
|
default
|
private
|
同类
|
T
|
T
|
T
|
T
|
同包
|
T
|
T
|
T
|
|
子类(不同包)
|
T
|
T
|
|
|
不同包中无继承关系的类
|
T
|
|
|
|
中继承,这唯一能够访问的成员就是原来那个包中的public成员”,可见不同包中的子类是不能访问基类的protected成员的,只能继承。这是最容易混淆的地方。
其他如private和public我想大家应该清楚,我就不复述了。
参考资料(英文):http://bmanolov.free.fr/javaprotection.php#subb
Code Example
All lines with not accessible fields are commented.
package packageA; public class Base { public String publicStr = "publicString"; protected String protectedStr = "protectedString"; String defaultStr = "defaultString"; private String privateStr = "privateString"; public void print() { System.out.println("packageA.Base has access to"); System.out.println(" " + publicStr); System.out.println(" " + protectedStr); System.out.println(" " + defaultStr); System.out.println(" " + privateStr); Base b = new Base(); // -- other Base instance System.out.println(" b." + b.publicStr); System.out.println(" b." + b.protectedStr); System.out.println(" b." + b.defaultStr); System.out.println(" b." + b.privateStr); } } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- package packageA; public class SubA extends Base { public void print() { System.out.println("packageA.SubA has access to"); System.out.println(" " + publicStr + " (inherited from Base)"); System.out.println(" " + protectedStr + " (inherited from Base)"); System.out.println(" " + defaultStr + " (inherited from Base)"); // -- not accessible - private elements are even not inherited // System.out.println(privateStr); Base b = new Base(); // -- other Base instance System.out.println(" b." + b.publicStr); System.out.println(" b." + b.protectedStr); System.out.println(" b." + b.defaultStr); // -- not accessible // System.out.println(b.privateStr); } } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- package packageA; public class AnotherA { public void print() { System.out.println("packageA.AnotherA has access to"); Base b = new Base(); System.out.println(" b." + b.publicStr); System.out.println(" b." + b.protectedStr); System.out.println(" b." + b.defaultStr); // System.out.println(b.privateStr); } } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- package packageB; import packageA.Base; public class SubB extends Base { public void print() { System.out.println("packageB.SubB has access to"); System.out.println(" " + publicStr + " (inherited from Base)"); // -- protectedStr is inherited element -> accessible System.out.println(" " + protectedStr + " (inherited from Base)"); // -- not accessible // System.out.println(defaultStr); // System.out.println(privateStr); Base b = new Base(); // -- other Base instance System.out.println(" b." + b.publicStr); // -- protected element, which belongs to other object -> not accessible // System.out.println(b.protectedStr); // -- not accessible // System.out.println(b.defaultStr); // System.out.println(b.privateStr); } } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- package packageB; import packageA.Base; public class AnotherB { public void print() { System.out.println("packageB.AnotherB has access to"); Base b = new Base(); System.out.println(" b." + b.publicStr); // -- not accessible // System.out.println(b.protectedStr); // System.out.println(b.defaultStr); // System.out.println(b.privateStr); } } -------------------------------------------------------------------------------- import packageA.*; import packageB.*; // -- testing class public class TestProtection { public static void main(String[] args) { // -- all classes are public, so class TestProtection // -- has access to all of them new Base().print(); new SubA().print(); new AnotherA().print(); new SubB().print(); new AnotherB().print(); } }