先介绍几个好网站:
httpclient入门: http://www.ibm.com/developerworks/cn/opensource/os-httpclient/
httpclient证书导入:http://www.blogjava.net/happytian/archive/2006/12/22/89447.html
httpclient高级认识:http://laohuang.iteye.com/blog/55613
httpclient官方文档:http://hc.apache.org/httpcomponents-client/index.html
httpclient资源关闭:http://www.iteye.com/topic/234759
例子:http://blog.csdn.net/z69183787/article/details/19153369
然后呢,就是那句话。。。好东西转载、学习一个都不能少,下边的转自这里
Http协议的重要性相信不用我多说了,HttpClient相比传统JDK自带的URLConnection,增加了易用性和灵活性(具体区别,日后我们再讨论),它不仅是客户端发送Http请求变得容易,而且也方便了开发人员测试接口(基于Http协议的),即提高了开发的效率,也方便提高代码的健壮性。因此熟练掌握HttpClient是很重要的必修内容,掌握HttpClient后,相信对于Http协议的了解会更加深入。
一、简介
HttpClient是Apache Jakarta Common下的子项目,用来提供高效的、最新的、功能丰富的支持HTTP协议的客户端编程工具包,并且它支持HTTP协议最新的版本和建议。HttpClient已经应用在很多的项目中,比如Apache Jakarta上很著名的另外两个开源项目Cactus和HTMLUnit都使用了HttpClient。
下载地址: http://hc.apache.org/downloads.cgi
二、特性
1. 基于标准、纯净的Java语言。实现了Http1.0和Http1.1
2. 以可扩展的面向对象的结构实现了Http全部的方法(GET, POST, PUT, DELETE, HEAD, OPTIONS, and TRACE)。
3. 支持HTTPS协议。
4. 通过Http代理建立透明的连接。
5. 利用CONNECT方法通过Http代理建立隧道的https连接。
6. Basic, Digest, NTLMv1, NTLMv2, NTLM2 Session, SNPNEGO/Kerberos认证方案。
7. 插件式的自定义认证方案。
8. 便携可靠的套接字工厂使它更容易的使用第三方解决方案。
9. 连接管理器支持多线程应用。支持设置最大连接数,同时支持设置每个主机的最大连接数,发现并关闭过期的连接。
10. 自动处理Set-Cookie中的Cookie。
11. 插件式的自定义Cookie策略。
12. Request的输出流可以避免流中内容直接缓冲到socket服务器。
13. Response的输入流可以有效的从socket服务器直接读取相应内容。
14. 在http1.0和http1.1中利用KeepAlive保持持久连接。
15. 直接获取服务器发送的response code和 headers。
16. 设置连接超时的能力。
17. 实验性的支持http1.1 response caching。
18. 源代码基于Apache License 可免费获取。
三、使用方法
使用HttpClient发送请求、接收响应很简单,一般需要如下几步即可。
1. 创建HttpClient对象。
2. 创建请求方法的实例,并指定请求URL。如果需要发送GET请求,创建HttpGet对象;如果需要发送POST请求,创建HttpPost对象。
3. 如果需要发送请求参数,可调用HttpGet、HttpPost共同的setParams(HetpParams params)方法来添加请求参数;对于HttpPost对象而言,也可调用setEntity(HttpEntity entity)方法来设置请求参数。
4. 调用HttpClient对象的execute(HttpUriRequest request)发送请求,该方法返回一个HttpResponse。
5. 调用HttpResponse的getAllHeaders()、getHeaders(String name)等方法可获取服务器的响应头;调用HttpResponse的getEntity()方法可获取HttpEntity对象,该对象包装了服务器的响应内容。程序可通过该对象获取服务器的响应内容。
6. 释放连接。无论执行方法是否成功,都必须释放连接
四、实例
-
- public class HttpClientTest {
-
- @Test
- public void jUnitTest() {
- get();
- }
-
-
-
-
- public void ssl() {
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = null;
- try {
- KeyStore trustStore = KeyStore.getInstance(KeyStore.getDefaultType());
- FileInputStream instream = new FileInputStream(new File("d:\\tomcat.keystore"));
- try {
-
- trustStore.load(instream, "123456".toCharArray());
- } catch (CertificateException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
- try {
- instream.close();
- } catch (Exception ignore) {
- }
- }
-
- SSLContext sslcontext = SSLContexts.custom().loadTrustMaterial(trustStore, new TrustSelfSignedStrategy()).build();
-
- SSLConnectionSocketFactory sslsf = new SSLConnectionSocketFactory(sslcontext, new String[] { "TLSv1" }, null,
- SSLConnectionSocketFactory.BROWSER_COMPATIBLE_HOSTNAME_VERIFIER);
- httpclient = HttpClients.custom().setSSLSocketFactory(sslsf).build();
-
- HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("https://localhost:8443/myDemo/Ajax/serivceJ.action");
- System.out.println("executing request" + httpget.getRequestLine());
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
- try {
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
- System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());
- if (entity != null) {
- System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength());
- System.out.println(EntityUtils.toString(entity));
- EntityUtils.consume(entity);
- }
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
- } catch (ParseException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (KeyManagementException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (NoSuchAlgorithmException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (KeyStoreException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
- if (httpclient != null) {
- try {
- httpclient.close();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
- }
-
-
-
-
- public void postForm() {
-
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
-
- HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://localhost:8080/myDemo/Ajax/serivceJ.action");
-
- List<namevaluepair> formparams = new ArrayList<namevaluepair>();
- formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("username", "admin"));
- formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("password", "123456"));
- UrlEncodedFormEntity uefEntity;
- try {
- uefEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams, "UTF-8");
- httppost.setEntity(uefEntity);
- System.out.println("executing request " + httppost.getURI());
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);
- try {
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- if (entity != null) {
- System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
- System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity, "UTF-8"));
- System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
- }
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
- } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e1) {
- e1.printStackTrace();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
-
- try {
- httpclient.close();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
-
-
-
-
- public void post() {
-
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
-
- HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://localhost:8080/myDemo/Ajax/serivceJ.action");
-
- List<namevaluepair> formparams = new ArrayList<namevaluepair>();
- formparams.add(new BasicNameValuePair("type", "house"));
- UrlEncodedFormEntity uefEntity;
- try {
- uefEntity = new UrlEncodedFormEntity(formparams, "UTF-8");
- httppost.setEntity(uefEntity);
- System.out.println("executing request " + httppost.getURI());
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);
- try {
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- if (entity != null) {
- System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
- System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity, "UTF-8"));
- System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
- }
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
- } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (UnsupportedEncodingException e1) {
- e1.printStackTrace();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
-
- try {
- httpclient.close();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
-
-
-
-
- public void get() {
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
- try {
-
- HttpGet httpget = new HttpGet("http://www.baidu.com/");
- System.out.println("executing request " + httpget.getURI());
-
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httpget);
- try {
-
- HttpEntity entity = response.getEntity();
- System.out.println("--------------------------------------");
-
- System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());
- if (entity != null) {
-
- System.out.println("Response content length: " + entity.getContentLength());
-
- System.out.println("Response content: " + EntityUtils.toString(entity));
- }
- System.out.println("------------------------------------");
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
- } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (ParseException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
-
- try {
- httpclient.close();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
-
-
-
-
- public void upload() {
- CloseableHttpClient httpclient = HttpClients.createDefault();
- try {
- HttpPost httppost = new HttpPost("http://localhost:8080/myDemo/Ajax/serivceFile.action");
-
- FileBody bin = new FileBody(new File("F:\\image\\sendpix0.jpg"));
- StringBody comment = new StringBody("A binary file of some kind", ContentType.TEXT_PLAIN);
-
- HttpEntity reqEntity = MultipartEntityBuilder.create().addPart("bin", bin).addPart("comment", comment).build();
-
- httppost.setEntity(reqEntity);
-
- System.out.println("executing request " + httppost.getRequestLine());
- CloseableHttpResponse response = httpclient.execute(httppost);
- try {
- System.out.println("----------------------------------------");
- System.out.println(response.getStatusLine());
- HttpEntity resEntity = response.getEntity();
- if (resEntity != null) {
- System.out.println("Response content length: " + resEntity.getContentLength());
- }
- EntityUtils.consume(resEntity);
- } finally {
- response.close();
- }
- } catch (ClientProtocolException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- } finally {
- try {
- httpclient.close();
- } catch (IOException e) {
- e.printStackTrace();
- }
- }
- }
- }</namevaluepair></namevaluepair></namevaluepair></namevaluepair>
本实例是采用HttpClient4.3最新版本。该版本与之前的代码写法风格相差较大,大家多留意下。
还是那句话。。。好东西转载、学习一个都不能少,下边的转自这里
HttpClient在应用中有些需要注意的几个地方:
生成HttpClient的地方:
ttpClient=new HttpClient();
httpClient.getParams().setCookiePolicy(CookiePolicy.BROWSER_COMPATIBILITY);
第一:一定要有下边这两个参数设置,否则会生成多个Cookie header送给web server
httpClient.getParams().setParameter("http.protocol.single-cookie-header",true);
httpClient.getParams().setParameter("http.protocol.content-charset","gb2312");
ArrayList headerList=new ArrayList();
Header accept=new Header("Accept","image/gif, image/x-xbitmap, image/jpeg, image/pjpeg, application/x-shockwave-flash, application/msword, application/vnd.ms-excel, application/vnd.ms-powerpoint, application/x-silverlight, */*");
headerList.add(accept);
......
httpClient.getParams().setParameter("http.default-headers",headerList);
httpClient.getParams().setParameter("http.protocol.version",HttpVersion.HTTP_1_1);
httpClient.getParams().setParameter("http.method.retry-handler",new DefaultHttpMethodRetryHandler());
第二:在生成httpMethod的地方:
PostMethod postMethod =new PostMethod();
postMethod.getParams().setUriCharset("GB2312");
postMethod.setURI(new URI(url,false,"GB2312"));
client.executeMethod(postMethod);
以上可避免送出类似“HTTP://127.0.0.1:8080/action.do?content=一二三四五六”的URL时出现URI报错;
第三:ConnectionPoolTimeoutException问题,导致的原因可能有这几个:
1.设置连接超时时间 未设置或设置过小;
2.请求后的连接是否已经释放;
想了解更多,以及参数设置及代码写法、存在的风险 请看这篇文章