知识点清单
动手试一试
- 餐馆 :创建一个名为Restaurant 的类,其方法__init__() 设置两个属性:restaurant_name 和cuisine_type 。创建一个名 为describe_restaurant() 的方法和一个名为open_restaurant() 的方法,其中前者打印前述两项信息,而后者打印一条消息,指出餐馆正在营业。
class Restaurant():
def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):
self.restaurant_name = restaurant_name
self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type
def describe_restaurant(self):
print('the restaurant`s name is '+self.restaurant_name)
print('the cuisine1s type is '+self.cuisine_type)
def open_restaurant(self):
print('\nThe '+self.restaurant_name+' is opening.')
注意:
解决办法:
2. 三家餐馆 :根据你为完成练习1而编写的类创建三个实例,并对每个实例调用方法describe_restaurant() 。
restaurant1 = Restaurant('A','new')
restaurant1.describe_restaurant()
restaurant1.open_restaurant()
restaurant2 = Restaurant('B','old')
restaurant2.describe_restaurant()
restaurant2.open_restaurant()
结果:
the restaurant`s name is A
the cuisine1s type is new
The A is opening.
the restaurant`s name is B
the cuisine1s type is old
The B is opening.
- 用户 :创建一个名为User 的类,其中包含属性first_name 和last_name ,还有用户简介通常会存储的其他几个属性。在类User 中定义一个名 为describe_user() 的方法,它打印用户信息摘要;再定义一个名为greet_user() 的方法,它向用户发出个性化的问候。创建多个表示不同用户的实例,并对每个实例都调用上述两个方法。
class User():
def __init__(self,first_name,last_name):
self.first_name = first_name
self.last_name = last_name
def describe_user(self):
print(self.first_name,self.last_name)
def greet_user(self):
print('Hello!'+self.first_name+self.last_name)
user = User('Wu','Tutu')
user.describe_user()
user.greet_user()
结果:
Wu Tutu
Hello!WuTutu
- 就餐人数 :在为完成练习1而编写的程序中,添加一个名为number_served 的属性,并将其默认值设置为0。根据这个类创建一个名为restaurant 的实例;打印有多少人在这家餐馆就餐过
# 就餐人数
class Restaurant():
def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):
self.restaurant_name = restaurant_name
self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type
self.number_served = 0 #添加一个名为number_served的属性,并将默认值设置为0
def describe_restaurant(self):
print('\nthe restaurant`s name is '+self.restaurant_name)
print('the cuisine1s type is '+self.cuisine_type)
def open_restaurant(self):
print('The '+self.restaurant_name+' is opening.')
def read_number(self):
print('There are '+str(self.number_served)+' customers.')
restaurant = Restaurant('TuTu','A')
restaurant.read_number()
结果:
There are 0 customers.
然后修改这个值并再次打印它。
restaurant = Restaurant('TuTu','A')
restaurant.number_served = 7 #修改这个值并再次打印
restaurant.read_number()
#结果:
There are 7 customers.
添加一个名为set_number_served() 的方法,它让你能够设置就餐人数。调用这个方法并向它传递一个值,然后再次打印这个值。
class Restaurant():
def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):
self.restaurant_name = restaurant_name
self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type
self.number_served = 0 #添加一个名为number_served的属性,并将默认值设置为0
def describe_restaurant(self):
print('\nthe restaurant`s name is '+self.restaurant_name)
print('the cuisine1s type is '+self.cuisine_type)
def open_restaurant(self):
print('The '+self.restaurant_name+' is opening.')
def read_number(self):
print('There are '+str(self.number_served)+' customers.')
def set_number_served(self,num): #添加一个名为set_number_served()的方法用来设置就餐人数
self.number_served = num
restaurant = Restaurant('TuTu','A')
restaurant.set_number_served(17) #调用这个方法向它传递一个值
restaurant.read_number() #打印这个值
结果:
There are 17 customers.
添加一个名为increment_number_served() 的方法,它让你能够将就餐人数递增。调用这个方法并向它传递一个这样的值:你认为这家餐馆每天可能接待的就餐人数。
class Restaurant():
def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):
self.restaurant_name = restaurant_name
self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type
self.number_served = 0 #添加一个名为number_served的属性,并将默认值设置为0
def describe_restaurant(self):
print('\nthe restaurant`s name is '+self.restaurant_name)
print('the cuisine1s type is '+self.cuisine_type)
def open_restaurant(self):
print('The '+self.restaurant_name+' is opening.')
def read_number(self):
print('There are '+str(self.number_served)+' customers.')
def set_number_served(self,num): #添加一个名为set_number_served()的方法用来设置就餐人数
self.number_served = num
def increment_number_served(self,number):
self.number_served+=number
restaurant = Restaurant('TuTu','A')
#restaurant.describe_restaurant()
restaurant.open_restaurant()
restaurant.set_number_served(17) #调用这个方法向它传递一个值
restaurant.read_number() #打印这个值
restaurant.increment_number_served(100)
restaurant.read_number()
结果:
The TuTu is opening.
There are 17 customers.
There are 117 customers.
- 尝试登录次数 :在为完成练习3而编写的User 类中,添加一个名为login_attempts 的属性。编写一个名为increment_login_attempts() 的方法, 它将属性login_attempts 的值加1。再编写一个名为reset_login_attempts() 的方法,它将属性login_attempts 的值重置为0。根据User 类创建一个实例,再调用方法increment_login_attempts() 多次。打印属性login_attempts 的值,确认它被正确地递增;然后,调用方 法reset_login_attempts() ,并再次打印属性login_attempts 的值,确认它被重置为0。
class User():
def __init__(self,first_name,last_name):
self.first_name = first_name
self.last_name = last_name
self.login_attempts = 0 #添加一个属性
def describe_user(self):
print(self.first_name,self.last_name)
def greet_user(self):
print('Hello!'+self.first_name+self.last_name)
def increment_login_attempts(self): #将属性的值加1
self.login_attempts =self.login_attempts+1
print('Now the number is '+ str(self.login_attempts))
def reset_login_attempts(self): #将属性的值重置为0
self.login_attempts = 0
print('And now the number is: '+str(self.login_attempts))
user = User('Wu','Tutu')
user.describe_user()
user.greet_user()
user.increment_login_attempts()
user.increment_login_attempts()
user.increment_login_attempts()
user.reset_login_attempts()
结果:
Wu Tutu
Hello!WuTutu
Now the number is 1
Now the number is 2
Now the number is 3
And now the number is: 0
- 冰淇淋小店 :冰淇淋小店是一种特殊的餐馆。编写一个名为IceCreamStand 的类,让它继承你为完成练习1或练习4而编写的Restaurant 类。这两个版本的Restaurant 类都可以,挑选你更喜欢的那个即可。添加一个名为flavors 的属性,用于存储一个由各种口味的冰淇淋组成的列表。编写一个显示这些冰淇淋 的方法。创建一个IceCreamStand 实例,并调用这个方法。
class Restaurant():
def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):
self.restaurant_name = restaurant_name
self.cuisine_type = cuisine_type
def describe_restaurant(self):
print('\nthe restaurant`s name is '+self.restaurant_name)
print('the cuisine1s type is '+self.cuisine_type)
def open_restaurant(self):
print('The '+self.restaurant_name+' is opening.')
class IceCreamStand(Restaurant):
def __init__(self,restaurant_name,cuisine_type):
super().__init__(restaurant_name,cuisine_type)
self.flavors = ['A','B','C','D','E','F','G']
def show_flavors(self):
for flavor in self.flavors:
print('The flavor of ice-cream is '+ flavor)
icecreamstand = IceCreamStand('Tutu','Best')
icecreamstand.show_flavors()
- 管理员 :管理员是一种特殊的用户。编写一个名为Admin 的类,让它继承你为完成练习3或练习5而编写的User 类。添加一个名为privileges 的属性,用 于存储一个由字符串(如"can add post" 、“can delete post” 、“can ban user” 等)组成的列表。编写一个名为show_privileges() 的方法,它 显示管理员的权限。创建一个Admin 实例,并调用这个方法。
class User():
def __init__(self,first_name,last_name):
self.first_name = first_name
self.last_name = last_name
def describe_user(self):
print(self.first_name,self.last_name)
def greet_user(self):
print('Hello!'+self.first_name+self.last_name)
class Admin(User):
def __init__(self,first_name,last_name):
super().__init__(first_name,last_name)
self.privileged = ["can add post","can delete post","can ban user"]
def show_privileges(self):
for privilege in self.privileged:
print(privilege)
admin = Admin('Wu','Tutu')
admin.show_privileges()
注意:在编码的时候出现了一个错误
原因是:
解决办法是:
- 权限 :编写一个名为Privileges 的类,它只有一个属性——privileges ,其中存储了练习7 所说的字符串列表。将方法show_privileges() 移到这个类中。在Admin 类中,将一个Privileges 实例用作其属性。创建一个Admin 实例,并使用方法show_privileges() 来显示其权限。
#权限
class User():
def __init__(self,first_name,last_name):
self.first_name = first_name
self.last_name = last_name
def describe_user(self):
print(self.first_name,self.last_name)
def greet_user(self):
print('Hello!'+self.first_name+self.last_name)
class Privileges():
def __init__(self):
self.privileges = ["can add post","can delete post","can ban user"]
def show_privileges(self):
print(self.privileges)
class Admin(User):
def __init__(self,first_name,last_name):
super().__init__(first_name,last_name)
self.privileges = Privileges() #将一个Privileges的实例用作其属性
def show_privileges(self):
self.privileges.show_privileges()
user = Admin('Wu','Tutu')
user.show_privileges()
结果:
['can add post', 'can delete post', 'can ban user']
- 电瓶升级 :在本节最后一个electric_car.py版本中,给Battery 类添加一个名为upgrade_battery() 的方法。这个方法检查电瓶容量,如果它不是85,就将它设置为85。创建一辆电瓶容量为默认值的电动汽车,调用方法get_range() ,然后对电瓶进行升级,并再次调用get_range() 。你会看到这辆汽车的续航里程增加了。
#电瓶升级
class Car():
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
self.make = make
self.model = model
self.year = year
self.odometer_reading = 0
def get_descriptive_name(self):
long_name = str(self.year)+' '+self.make+' '+self.model
return long_name.title()
def read_odometer(self):
print('This car has '+str(self.odometer_reading)+' miles on it.')
def update_odometer(self,mileage):
if mileage >=self.odometer_reading:
self.odometer_reading = mileage
else:
print('You can`t roll back an odometer!')
def increment_odometer(self,miles):
self.odometer_reading += miles
class Battery():
def __init__(self,battery_size = 70):
self.battery_size = battery_size
def describe_battery(self):
print('This car has a '+str(self.battery_size)+' KWh battery.')
def upgrade_battery(self):
if self.battery_size != 85:
self.battery_size = 85
else:
self.battery_size =85
print('Now the battery_size is '+str(self.battery_size))
def get_range(self):
if self.battery_size == 70:
range =240
elif self.battery_size == 85:
range =270
message = 'This car can go approximately ' +str(range)
message += ' miles on a full charge.'
print(message)
class ElectricCar(Car):
def __init__(self,make,model,year):
super().__init__(make,model,year)
self.battery = Battery()
mycar = ElectricCar('tesla','sss',2020)
print(mycar.get_descriptive_name())
mycar.battery.describe_battery()
mycar.battery.get_range()
mycar.battery.upgrade_battery()
mycar.battery.get_range()
结果:
2020 Tesla Sss
This car has a 70 KWh battery.
This car can go approximately 240 miles on a full charge.
Now the battery_size is 85
This car can go approximately 270 miles on a full charge.
- 导入Restaurant类 :将最新的Restaurant 类存储在一个模块中。在另一个文件中,导入Restaurant 类,创建一个Restaurant 实例,并调用Restaurant 的一个方法,以确认import 语句正确无误
from restaurant import Restaurant
icecreamstand = Restaurant('Tutu','Best')
icecreamstand.describe_restaurant()
icecreamstand.open_restaurant()
结果:
the restaurant`s name is Tutu
the cuisine1s type is Best
The Tutu is opening.
- 导入Admin 类 :以练习8为基础,将User 、Privileges 和Admin 类存储在一个模块中,再创建一个文件,在其中创建一个Admin 实例并对其调用方法show_privileges() ,以确认一切都能正确地运行。
from user import Admin
user1 = Admin('Wu','Tutu')
user1.show_privileges()
结果:
['can add post', 'can delete post', 'can ban user']
- 多个模块 :将User 类存储在一个模块中,并将Privileges 和Admin 类存储在另一个模块中。再创建一个文件,在其中创建一个Admin 实例,并对其调用方法show_privileges() ,以确认一切都依然能够正确地运行。
user.py
class User():
def __init__(self,first_name,last_name):
self.first_name = first_name
self.last_name = last_name
def describe_user(self):
print(self.first_name,self.last_name)
def greet_user(self):
print('Hello!'+self.first_name+self.last_name)
privileges.py
class Privileges():
def __init__(self):
self.privileges = ["can add post","can delete post","can ban user"]
def show_privileges(self):
print(self.privileges)
admin.py
from user import User
from privileges import Privileges
class Admin(User):
def __init__(self,first_name,last_name):
super().__init__(first_name,last_name)
self.privileges = Privileges() #将一个Privileges的实例用作其属性
def show_privileges(self):
self.privileges.show_privileges()
NO10.py
from user import User
from admin import Admin
from privileges import Privileges
user1 = Admin('Wu','Tutu')
user1.show_privileges()
- 使用OrderedDict :在6-4中,你使用了一个标准字典来表示词汇表。请使用OrderedDict 类来重写这个程序,并确认输出的顺序与你在字典中添加键—值对的顺序一致。
from collections import OrderedDict
favorite_languages = OrderedDict()
favorite_languages['jen'] = 'python'
favorite_languages['sarah'] = 'C'
favorite_languages['edward'] = 'ruby'
favorite_languages['phil'] = 'java'
for name,language in favorite_languages.items():
print(name.title() + "'s favorite language is " + language.title() + '.')
- 骰子 :模块random 包含以各种方式生成随机数的函数,其中的randint() 返回一个位于指定范围内的整数,例如,下面的代码返回一个1~6内的整数:
from random import randint
x = randint(1, 6)
请创建一个Die 类,它包含一个名为sides 的属性,该属性的默认值为6。编写一个名为roll_die() 的方法,它打印位于1和骰子面数之间的随机数。创建一个6面的骰子,再掷10次。 创建一个10面的骰子和一个20面的骰子,并将它们都掷10次。
from random import randint
class Die():
def __init__(self,sides6=6,sides10=10,sides20=20):
self.sides6 = sides6
self.sides10 = sides10
self.sides20 = sides20
def roll_die6(self):
self.random_number1 = randint(1,self.sides6)
print(self.random_number1)
def roll_die10(self):
self.random_number2 = randint(1,self.sides10)
print(self.random_number2)
def roll_die20(self):
self.random_number3 = randint(1,self.sides20)
print(self.random_number3)
die_num =Die()
print('6面:')
for a in range(1,11):
die_num.roll_die6()
print('10面:')
for a in range(1,11):
die_num.roll_die10()
print('20面:')
for a in range(1,11):
die_num.roll_die20()
本章总结
本章学习了如何编写类;如何使用属性在类中存储信息以及如何编写方法,让类具有所需的行为;如何编写方法__init__(),以便根据类创建包括所需属性的实例,包括直接修改以及通过方法进行修改。使用继承可以简化相关类的创建工作;将一个类的实例用作另一个类的属性让类更简洁。