前面说过， DAO 不负责处理事务、会话或连接，而把这交给一个工具类,封装所有关于数据库的操作。把Session的获取，语句的关闭等放在这个类更好。通常的设计把数据 库的代码放到DAO的实现类中，这样如果某个DAO实现类设计不良，要改动就必须牵涉到很多地方，不利于维护。在这里的工具类代码如清单６。
清单 6.
public class HibernateUtil
{
private static Log log = LogFactory.getLog(HibernateUtil.class);
private static final String INTERCEPTOR_CLASS = "hibernate.util.interceptor_class";
private static Configuration configuration;
private static SessionFactory sessionFactory;
private static ThreadLocal threadSession = new ThreadLocal();
private static ThreadLocal threadTransaction = new ThreadLocal();
private static boolean useThreadLocal = true;
static {
// Create the initial SessionFactory from the default configuration files
try {
// Replace with Configuration() if you don't use annotations or JDK 5.0
//configuration = new AnnotationConfiguration();
configuration = new Configuration();
// Read not only hibernate.properties, but also hibernate.cfg.xml
configuration.configure();
// Assign a global, user-defined interceptor with no-arg constructor
String interceptorName = configuration.getProperty(INTERCEPTOR_CLASS);
if (interceptorName != null) {
Class interceptorClass =
HibernateUtil.class.getClassLoader().loadClass(interceptorName);
Interceptor interceptor = (Interceptor)interceptorClass.newInstance();
configuration.setInterceptor(interceptor);
}
// Disable ThreadLocal Session/Transaction handling if CMT is used
if (org.hibernate.transaction.CMTTransactionFactory.class.getName()
.equals( configuration.getProperty(Environment.TRANSACTION_STRATEGY) ) )
useThreadLocal = false;
if (configuration.getProperty(Environment.SESSION_FACTORY_NAME) != null) {
// Let Hibernate bind it to JNDI
configuration.buildSessionFactory();
} else {
// or use static variable handling
sessionFactory = configuration.buildSessionFactory();
}
} catch (Throwable ex) {
// We have to catch Throwable, otherwise we will miss
// NoClassDefFoundError and other subclasses of Error
log.error("Building SessionFactory failed.", ex);
throw new ExceptionInInitializerError(ex);
}
}
/**
* Returns the original Hibernate configuration.
*
* @return Configuration
*/
public static Configuration getConfiguration() {
return configuration;
}
/**
* Returns the global SessionFactory.
*
* @return SessionFactory
*/
public static SessionFactory getSessionFactory() {
SessionFactory sf = null;
String sfName = configuration.getProperty(Environment.SESSION_FACTORY_NAME);
if ( sfName != null) {
log.debug("Looking up SessionFactory in JNDI.");
try {
sf = (SessionFactory) new InitialContext().lookup(sfName);
} catch (NamingException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException(ex);
}
} else {
sf = sessionFactory;
}
if (sf == null)
throw new IllegalStateException("SessionFactory not available.");
return sf;
}
/**
* Closes the current SessionFactory and releases all resources.
* <p>
* The only other method that can be called on HibernateUtil
* after this one is rebuildSessionFactory(Configuration).
*/
public static void shutdown() {
log.debug("Shutting down Hibernate.");
// Close caches and connection pools
getSessionFactory().close();
// Clear static variables
configuration = null;
sessionFactory = null;
// Clear ThreadLocal variables
threadSession.set(null);
threadTransaction.set(null);
}
/**
* Rebuild the SessionFactory with the static Configuration.
* <p>
* This method also closes the old SessionFactory before, if still open.
* Note that this method should only be used with static SessionFactory
* management, not with JNDI or any other external registry.
*/
public static void rebuildSessionFactory() {
log.debug("Using current Configuration for rebuild.");
rebuildSessionFactory(configuration);
}
/**
* Rebuild the SessionFactory with the given Hibernate Configuration.
* <p>
* HibernateUtil does not configure() the given Configuration object,
* it directly calls buildSessionFactory(). This method also closes
* the old SessionFactory before, if still open.
*
* @param cfg
*/
public static void rebuildSessionFactory(Configuration cfg) {
log.debug("Rebuilding the SessionFactory from given Configuration.");
synchronized(sessionFactory) {
if (sessionFactory != null && !sessionFactory.isClosed())
sessionFactory.close();
if (cfg.getProperty(Environment.SESSION_FACTORY_NAME) != null)
cfg.buildSessionFactory();
else
sessionFactory = cfg.buildSessionFactory();
configuration = cfg;
}
}
/**
* Retrieves the current Session local to the thread.
* <p/>
* If no Session is open, opens a new Session for the running thread.
* If CMT is used, returns the Session bound to the current JTA
* container transaction. Most other operations on this class will
* then be no-ops or not supported, the container handles Session
* and Transaction boundaries, ThreadLocals are not used.
*
* @return Session
*/
public static Session getCurrentSession() {
if (useThreadLocal) {
Session s = (Session) threadSession.get();
if (s == null) {
log.debug("Opening new Session for this thread.");
s = getSessionFactory().openSession();
threadSession.set(s);
}
return s;
} else {
return getSessionFactory().getCurrentSession();
}
}
/**
* Closes the Session local to the thread.
* <p>
* Is a no-op (with warning) if called in a CMT environment. Should be
* used in non-managed environments with resource local transactions, or
* with EJBs and bean-managed transactions.
*/
public static void closeSession() {
if (useThreadLocal) {
Session s = (Session) threadSession.get();
threadSession.set(null);
Transaction tx = (Transaction) threadTransaction.get();
if (tx != null && (!tx.wasCommitted() || !tx.wasRolledBack()) )
throw new IllegalStateException("Closing Session but Transaction still open!");
if (s != null && s.isOpen()) {
log.debug("Closing Session of this thread.");
s.close();
}
} else {
log.warn("Using CMT/JTA, intercepted superfluous close call.");
}
}
/**
* Start a new database transaction.
* <p>
* Is a no-op (with warning) if called in a CMT environment. Should be
* used in non-managed environments with resource local transactions, or
* with EJBs and bean-managed transactions. In both cases, it will either
* start a new transaction or join the existing ThreadLocal or JTA
* transaction.
*/
public static void beginTransaction() {
if (useThreadLocal) {
Transaction tx = (Transaction) threadTransaction.get();
if (tx == null) {
log.debug("Starting new database transaction in this thread.");
tx = getCurrentSession().beginTransaction();
threadTransaction.set(tx);
}
} else {
log.warn("Using CMT/JTA, intercepted superfluous tx begin call.");
}
}
/**
* Commit the database transaction.
* <p>
* Is a no-op (with warning) if called in a CMT environment. Should be
* used in non-managed environments with resource local transactions, or
* with EJBs and bean-managed transactions. It will commit the
* ThreadLocal or BMT/JTA transaction.
*/
public static void commitTransaction() {
if (useThreadLocal) {
Transaction tx = (Transaction) threadTransaction.get();
try {
if ( tx != null && !tx.wasCommitted()
&& !tx.wasRolledBack() ) {
log.debug("Committing database transaction of this thread.");
tx.commit();
}
threadTransaction.set(null);
} catch (RuntimeException ex) {
log.error(ex);
rollbackTransaction();
throw ex;
}
} else {
log.warn("Using CMT/JTA, intercepted superfluous tx commit call.");
}
}
/**
* Rollback the database transaction.
* <p>
* Is a no-op (with warning) if called in a CMT environment. Should be
* used in non-managed environments with resource local transactions, or
* with EJBs and bean-managed transactions. It will rollback the
* resource local or BMT/JTA transaction.
*/
public static void rollbackTransaction() {
if (useThreadLocal) {
Transaction tx = (Transaction) threadTransaction.get();
try {
threadTransaction.set(null);
if ( tx != null && !tx.wasCommitted() && !tx.wasRolledBack() ) {
log.debug("Tyring to rollback database transaction of this thread.");
tx.rollback();
log.debug("Database transaction rolled back.");
}
} catch (RuntimeException ex) {
throw new RuntimeException("Might swallow original cause, check ERROR log!", ex);
} finally {
closeSession();
}
} else {
log.warn("Using CMT/JTA, intercepted superfluous tx rollback call.");
}
}
/**
* Reconnects a Hibernate Session to the current Thread.
* <p>
* Unsupported in a CMT environment.
*
* @param session The Hibernate Session to be reconnected.
*/
public static void reconnect(Session session) {
if (useThreadLocal) {
log.debug("Reconnecting Session to this thread.");
session.reconnect();
threadSession.set(session);
} else {
log.error("Using CMT/JTA, intercepted not supported reconnect call.");
}
}
/**
* Disconnect and return Session from current Thread.
*
* @return Session the disconnected Session
*/
public static Session disconnectSession() {
if (useThreadLocal) {
Transaction tx = (Transaction) threadTransaction.get();
if (tx != null && (!tx.wasCommitted() || !tx.wasRolledBack()) )
throw new IllegalStateException("Disconnecting Session but Transaction still open!");
Session session = getCurrentSession();
threadSession.set(null);
if (session.isConnected() && session.isOpen()) {
log.debug("Disconnecting Session from this thread.");
session.disconnect();
}
return session;
} else {
log.error("Using CMT/JTA, intercepted not supported disconnect call.");
return null;
}
}
/**
* Register a Hibernate interceptor with the current SessionFactory.
* <p>
* Every Session opened is opened with this interceptor after
* registration. Has no effect if the current Session of the
* thread is already open, effective on next close()/getCurrentSession().
* <p>
* Attention: This method effectively restarts Hibernate. If you
* need an interceptor active on static startup of HibernateUtil, set
* the <tt>hibernateutil.interceptor</tt> system property to its
* fully qualified class name.
*/
public static void registerInterceptorAndRebuild(Interceptor interceptor) {
log.debug("Setting new global Hibernate interceptor and restarting.");
configuration.setInterceptor(interceptor);
rebuildSessionFactory();
}
public static Interceptor getInterceptor() {
return configuration.getInterceptor();
}
}
上 面的代码中，如果是使用Hibernate3.1以上版本对Session的管理进行了优化，提供了内建的Session管理方式，所以上面也可以不用 ThreadLocal类型的实例对象来保存。书中提到一点，现在绝大多数的应用都是基于Web来实现的，这里通过Web所提供的Filter机制实现持 久化操作的进一步的封装，将一个用户请求中所做的所有持久化操作看成一个事务，当然，如果某个业务确实需要将这个请求分解成多个事务，那么也可以在业务实 现的方法中自行地进行事务的提交或者回流操作，完成的Hibernate如清单７
清单７
public class HibernateFilter implements Filter
{
private static Log log = LogFactory.getLog(HibernateFilter.class);
public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
log.info("Servlet filter init, now opening/closing a Session for each request.");
}
public void doFilter(ServletRequest request,
ServletResponse response,
FilterChain chain)
throws IOException, ServletException
{
// There is actually no explicit "opening" of a Session, the
// first call to HibernateUtil.beginTransaction() in control
// logic (e.g. use case controller/event handler, or even a
// DAO factory) will get a fresh Session.
try
{
HibernateUtil.beginTransaction();
request.setCharacterEncoding( "gb2312" );
chain.doFilter(request, response);
// Commit any pending database transaction.
HibernateUtil.commitTransaction();
}
catch (ServletException ex)
{
log.debug("Rolling back the database transaction.");
HibernateUtil.rollbackTransaction(); // Also closes the Session
// Just rollback and let others handle the exception, e.g. for display
throw ex;
}
catch (IOException ex)
{
log.debug("Rolling back the database transaction.");
HibernateUtil.rollbackTransaction(); // Also closes the Session
// Just rollback and let others handle the exception, e.g. for display
throw ex;
}
finally
{
// No matter what happens, close the Session.
HibernateUtil.closeSession();
}
}
public void destroy() {}
}
经过学习上面的数据库操作封装，事务界定，在对于如何在数据访问对象上应用DAO模式以及有了更深入的理解了～
除了上面的内容，这本书里的例子的处理方法还学到了两点：DAO异常的处理方法，以及DIP的使用，见下一个笔记了～～～～
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