上干货!一些你可能不知道的 Python 小技巧!

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在本文中,我们来看一看日常工作中经常使用的一些 Python 小技巧。

集合

开发人员常常忘记 Python 也有集合数据类型,大家都喜欢使用列表处理一切。

集合(set)是什么?简单来说就是:集合是一组无序事物的汇集,不包含重复元素。

如果你熟练掌握集合及其逻辑,那么很多问题都可以迎刃而解。举个例子,如何获取一个单词中出现的字母?

myword = "NanananaBatman"
set(myword)
{'N', 'm', 'n', 'B', 'a', 't'}

就这么简单,问题解决了,这个例子就来自 Python 的官方文档,大可不必过于惊讶。

再举一个例子,如何获取一个列表的各个元素,且不重复?

# first you can easily change set to list and other way around
mylist = ["a", "b", "c","c"]
# let's make a set out of it
myset = set(mylist)
# myset will be:
{'a', 'b', 'c'}
# and, it's already iterable so you can do:
for element in myset:
    print(element)
# but you can also convert it to list again:
mynewlist = list(myset)
# and mynewlist will be:
['a', 'b', 'c']

我们可以看到,“c”元素不再重复出现了。只有一个地方你需要注意,mylist 与 mynewlist 之间的元素顺序可能会有所不同:

mylist = ["c", "c", "a","b"]
mynewlist = list(set(mylist))
# mynewlist is:
['a', 'b', 'c']

可以看出,两个列表的元素顺序不同。

下面,我们来进一步深入。

假设某些实体之间有一对多的关系,举个更加具体的例子:用户与权限。通常,一个用户可以拥有多个权限。现在假设某人想要修改多个权限,即同时添加和删除某些权限,应当如何解决这个问题?

​​

# this is the set of permissions before change;
original_permission_set = {"is_admin","can_post_entry", "can_edit_entry", "can_view_settings"}
# this is new set of permissions;
new_permission_set = {"can_edit_settings","is_member", "can_view_entry", "can_edit_entry"}
# now permissions to add will be:
new_permission_set.difference(original_permission_set)
# which will result:
{'can_edit_settings', 'can_view_entry', 'is_member'}
# As you can see can_edit_entry is in both sets; so we do notneed
# to worry about handling it
# now permissions to remove will be:
original_permission_set.difference(new_permission_set)
# which will result:
{'is_admin', 'can_view_settings', 'can_post_entry'}
# and basically it's also true; we switched admin to member, andadd
# more permission on settings; and removed the post_entrypermission

总的来说,不要害怕使用集合,它们能帮助你解决很多问题,更多详情,请参考 Python 官方文档。

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日历

当开发与日期和时间有关的功能时,有些信息可能非常重要,比如某一年的这个月有多少天。这个问题看似简单,但是我相信日期和时间是一个非常有难度的话题,而且我觉得日历的实现问题非常多,简直就是噩梦,因为你需要考虑大量的极端情况。

那么,究竟如何才能找出某个月有多少天呢?

import calendar
calendar.monthrange(2020, 12)
# will result:
(1, 31)
# BUT! you need to be careful here, why? Let's read thedocumentation:
help(calendar.monthrange)
# Help on function monthrange in module calendar:
# monthrange(year, month)
#     Return weekday (0-6~ Mon-Sun) and number of days (28-31) for
#    year, month.
# As you can see the first value returned in tuple is a weekday,
# not the number of the first day for a given month; let's try
# to get the same for 2021
calendar.monthrange(2021, 12)
(2, 31)
# So this basically means that the first day of December 2021 isWed
# and the last day of December 2021 is 31 (which is obvious,cause
# December always has 31 days)
# let's play with February
calendar.monthrange(2021, 2)
(0, 28)
calendar.monthrange(2022, 2)
(1, 28)
calendar.monthrange(2023, 2)
(2, 28)
calendar.monthrange(2024, 2)
(3, 29)
calendar.monthrange(2025, 2)
(5, 28)
# as you can see it handled nicely the leap year;
某个月的第一天当然非常简单,就是 1 号。但是,“某个月的第一天是周X”,如何使用这条信息呢?你可以很容易地查到某一天是周几:
calendar.monthrange(2024, 2)
(3, 29)
# means that February 2024 starts on Thursday
# let's define simple helper:
weekdays = ["Monday", "Tuesday","Wednesday", "Thursday", "Friday","Saturday", "Sunday"]
# now we can do something like:
weekdays[3]
# will result in:
'Thursday'
# now simple math to tell what day is 15th of February 2020:
offset = 3  # it's thefirst value from monthrange
for day in range(1, 29):
    print(day,weekdays[(day + offset - 1) % 7])
1 Thursday
2 Friday
3 Saturday
4 Sunday
...
18 Sunday
19 Monday
20 Tuesday
21 Wednesday
22 Thursday
23 Friday
24 Saturday
...
28 Wednesday
29 Thursday
# which basically makes sense;

也许这段代码不适合直接用于生产,因为你可以使用 datetime 更容易地查找星期:

from datetime import datetime
mydate = datetime(2024, 2, 15)
datetime.weekday(mydate)
# will result:
3
# or:
datetime.strftime(mydate, "%A")
'Thursday'

总的来说,日历模块有很多有意思的地方,值得慢慢学习:

# checking if year is leap:
calendar.isleap(2021)  #False
calendar.isleap(2024)  #True
# or checking how many days will be leap days for given yearspan:
calendar.leapdays(2021, 2026) # 1
calendar.leapdays(2020, 2026) # 2
# read the help here, as range is: [y1, y2), meaning that second
# year is not included;
calendar.leapdays(2020, 2024) # 1

枚举有第二个参数

是的,枚举有第二个参数,可能很多有经验的开发人员都不知道。下面我们来看一个例子:

mylist = ['a', 'b', 'd', 'c', 'g', 'e']
for i, item in enumerate(mylist):
    print(i, item)
# Will give:
0 a
1 b
2 d
3 c
4 g
5 e
# but, you can add a start for enumeration:
for i, item in enumerate(mylist, 16):
    print(i, item)
# and now you will get:
16 a
17 b
18 d
19 c
20 g
21 e

第二个参数可以指定枚举开始的地方,比如上述代码中的 enumerate(mylist,16)。如果你需要处理偏移量,则可以考虑这个参数。

if-else 逻辑

你经常需要根据不同的条件,处理不同的逻辑,经验不足的开发人员可能会编写出类似下面的代码:

OPEN = 1
IN_PROGRESS = 2
CLOSED = 3
def handle_open_status():
    print('Handling openstatus')
def handle_in_progress_status():
    print('Handling inprogress status')
def handle_closed_status():
    print('Handling closedstatus')
def handle_status_change(status):
    if status == OPEN:
       handle_open_status()
    elif status ==IN_PROGRESS:
        handle_in_progress_status()
    elif status == CLOSED:
       handle_closed_status()
handle_status_change(1)  #Handling open status
handle_status_change(2)  #Handling in progress status
handle_status_change(3)  #Handling closed status

虽然这段代码看上去也没有那么糟,但是如果有 20 多个条件呢?

那么,究竟应该怎样处理呢?

from enum import IntEnum
class StatusE(IntEnum):
    OPEN = 1
    IN_PROGRESS = 2
    CLOSED = 3
def handle_open_status():
    print('Handling openstatus')
def handle_in_progress_status():
    print('Handling inprogress status')
def handle_closed_status():
    print('Handling closedstatus')
handlers = {
    StatusE.OPEN.value:handle_open_status,
   StatusE.IN_PROGRESS.value: handle_in_progress_status,
    StatusE.CLOSED.value:handle_closed_status
}
def handle_status_change(status):
    if status not inhandlers:
         raiseException(f'No handler found for status: {status}')
    handler =handlers[status]
    handler()
handle_status_change(StatusE.OPEN.value)  # Handling open status
handle_status_change(StatusE.IN_PROGRESS.value)  # Handling in progress status
handle_status_change(StatusE.CLOSED.value)  # Handling closed status
handle_status_change(4)  #Will raise the exception

在 Python 中这种模式很常见,它可以让代码看起来更加整洁,尤其是当方法非常庞大,而且需要处理大量条件时。

enum 模块

enum 模块提供了一系列处理枚举的工具函数,最有意思的是 Enum 和 IntEnum。我们来看个例子:

from enum import Enum, IntEnum, Flag, IntFlag
class MyEnum(Enum):
    FIRST ="first"
    SECOND ="second"
    THIRD ="third"
 
class MyIntEnum(IntEnum):
    ONE = 1
    TWO = 2
    THREE = 3
# Now we can do things like:
MyEnum.FIRST  #<MyEnum.FIRST: 'first'>
# it has value and name attributes, which are handy:
MyEnum.FIRST.value  #'first'
MyEnum.FIRST.name  #'FIRST'
# additionally we can do things like:
MyEnum('first')  #<MyEnum.FIRST: 'first'>, get enum by value
MyEnum['FIRST']  #<MyEnum.FIRST: 'first'>, get enum by name

使用 IntEnum 编写的代码也差不多,但是有几个不同之处:

MyEnum.FIRST == "first"  # False
# but
MyIntEnum.ONE == 1  # True
# to make first example to work:
MyEnum.FIRST.value == "first"  # True

在中等规模的代码库中,enum 模块在管理常量方面可以提供很大的帮助。

enum 的本地化可能有点棘手,但也可以实现,我用django快速演示一下:

from enum import Enum
from django.utils.translation import gettext_lazy as _
class MyEnum(Enum):
    FIRST ="first"
    SECOND ="second"
    THIRD ="third"
    @classmethod
    def choices(cls):
        return [
            (cls.FIRST.value, _('first')),
            (cls.SECOND.value, _('second')),
            (cls.THIRD.value, _('third'))
         ]
# And later in eg. model definiton:
some_field = models.CharField(max_length=10,choices=MyEnum.choices())

iPython

iPython 就是交互式 Python,它是一个交互式的命令行 shell,有点像 Python 解释器。

首先,你需要安装 iPython:

pip install ipython

接下来,你只需要在输入命令的时候,将 Python 换成 ipython:

# you should see something like this after you start:
Python 3.8.5 (default, Jul 28 2020, 12:59:40)
Type 'copyright', 'credits' or 'license' for more information
IPython 7.18.1 -- An enhanced Interactive Python. Type '?' forhelp.
In [1]:

ipython 支持很多系统命令,比如 ls 或 cat,tab 键可以显示提示,而且你还可以使用上下键查找前面用过的命令。更多具体信息,请参见官方文档。

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