Markdown语言学习–Typora软件
视频学习:Bilibili:大啊好我r中之 笔记制作:XLY23333
ps:文本中键位即为快捷键, [ 内容 ] 即为Markdown的语法。
一.标题&文本
1.六级标题
(1)级别直达
一级标题 H1:crtl+1 [# text]
二级标题 H2:crtl+2 [## text]
三级标题 H3:crtl+3 [### text]
四级标题 H4:crtl+4 [#### text]
五级标题 H5:crtl+5 [##### text]
六级标题 H6:crtl+6 [###### text]
正文 text:ctrl+0 [text]
(2)级别快速变动
级别增大:crtl++
级别降低:crtl+-
PS:不支持小键盘中的+和-
2.源代码模式
切换视图模式和源代码模式:ctrl+/
3.文本选中操作
(1)文本成部分快跳:ctrl+←/→
(2)文本动态选中:shift+←/→/↑/↓(长按连续选中)
(3)选中当前词:ctrl+D
(4)选中一横行:ctrl+L
4.文本特殊形态
(1)加粗(Bold) :ctrl+B [text] [text]
text01 text02 text03
(2)倾斜(Italic) :ctrl+I [text] [text]
text01 text02 text03
(3)下划线(Underline) :ctrl+U [<u>text</u>] (属于Html的U标记)
text01 text02 text03
(4)高亮:暂无快捷键(快捷键被占用) [text]
text01 text02 text03
(5)删除:alt+shift+5 [**~~text**]
text01 text02 text03
(6)引用:ctrl+shift+Q [**>**text]
text01 text02 text03
(7)上标:暂无快捷键 [**text**]
text01 text02 text03 (cm2)
(8)下标:暂无快捷键 [**text**]
text01 text02 text03 (H2O)
(9)行内代码: ctrl+shift+` [‘code’]
text01 text02
text03
#include<bits/stdc++.h>
(10)代码块:ctrl+shift+K
```language
code
```
//Eg:
#include<bits/stdc++.h>//万能头文件
using namespace std;
typedef long long LL;
int main()
{
string str="Hello World!";
cout<<str;//输出str字符串变量的值
return 0;
}
(11)行内(内联)公式(利用LaTeX代码):暂无快捷键 [ ∗ ∗ L a T e X ∗ ∗ **LaTeX** ∗∗LaTeX∗∗]
text01 sin x = 2 sin x cos x \sin x=2 \sin x \cos x sinx=2sinxcosx text03
(12)公式块:ctrl+shift+M
$$
LaTeX
$$
E k = 1 2 m v 2 (1,1) E_k = \frac 1 2 m v^2 \tag{1,1} Ek=21mv2(1,1)
(13)超链接(网页):ctrl+K [ [text](URL) ] (打开超链接:ctrl+右键单击)
(13)超链接(文本):ctrl+K [ [text](#name) ] (打开超链接:ctrl+右键单击)
回到标题的位置
(14)脚注&脚注内容:暂无快捷键 [ text[**^tag] ] & [ text[^**tag]:text ]
text01 text02 text031
(15)分割线:暂无快捷键 [—] [----] [-----] [------…]
(16)注释:暂无快捷键 [ <!–text–> ]
text01 text02 text03
二.列表类
1.无序列表
(1)建立:ctrl+shift+]
(2)新建向下分级/增加缩进:TAB 或 ctrl+]
(3)向上分级/减小缩进:Enter+Enter 或 ctrl+[
(4)取消:Enter
-
Title01
- Subtitle01
- Sub-subtitle01
- Subtitle02
- Subtitle01
-
Title02
2.有序列表
(1)建立:ctrl+shift+[
(2)新建向下分级/增加缩进:TAB 或 ctrl+]
(3)向上分级/减小缩进:Enter+Enter 或 ctrl+[
(4)取消:Enter
- Title01
- Subtitle01
- Sub-subtitle01
- Subtitle02
- Subtitle01
- Title02
3.任务列表
(1)未完成:ctrl+shift+x [- [ ] text]
- text01
(2)已完成:ctrl+shift+x +单击复选框 [- [x] text]
- text01
4.目录:[toc]
<不进行文本展示>
三.插入
1.插入表格:ctrl+T [不适用代码书写]
SUN | MON | TUE | WED | THU | FRI | SAT | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
NO.01 | |||||||
NO.02 | |||||||
NO.03 |
2.插入图片:ctrl+shift+I [![PictureName](URL)]
四.LaTeX语法
1.希腊字母
(1)小写希腊字母表:
\alpha | \beta | \gamma | \delta | \epsilon | \varepsilon |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
α \alpha α | β \beta β | γ \gamma γ | δ \delta δ | ϵ \epsilon ϵ | ε \varepsilon ε |
\zeta | \eta | \theta | \vartheta | \iota | \kappa |
ζ \zeta ζ | η \eta η | θ \theta θ | ϑ \vartheta ϑ | ι \iota ι | κ \kappa κ |
\lambda | \mu | \nu | \xi | o | \pi |
λ \lambda λ | μ \mu μ | ν \nu ν | ξ \xi ξ | o o o | π \pi π |
\varpi | \rho | \varrho | \sigma | \varsigma | \tau |
ϖ \varpi ϖ | ρ \rho ρ | ϱ \varrho ϱ | σ \sigma σ | ς \varsigma ς | τ \tau τ |
\upsilon | \phi | \varphi | \chi | \psi | \omega |
υ \upsilon υ | ϕ \phi ϕ | φ \varphi φ | χ \chi χ | ψ \psi ψ | ω \omega ω |
(2)大写希腊字母表:
\alpha | \Gamma | \Delta | \Theta | \Lambda | \Xi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
α \alpha α | Γ \Gamma Γ | Δ \Delta Δ | Θ \Theta Θ | Λ \Lambda Λ | Ξ \Xi Ξ |
\Alpha | \varGamma | \varDelta | \varTheta | \varLambda | \varXi |
A \Alpha A | Γ \varGamma Γ | Δ \varDelta Δ | Θ \varTheta Θ | Λ \varLambda Λ | Ξ \varXi Ξ |
\gamma | \delta | \theta | \lambda | \xi | |
γ \gamma γ | δ \delta δ | θ \theta θ | λ \lambda λ | ξ \xi ξ | |
\vartheta | |||||
ϑ \vartheta ϑ |
\Sigma | \Upsilon | \Phi | \Psi | \Omega | \Pi |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Σ \Sigma Σ | Υ \Upsilon Υ | Φ \Phi Φ | Ψ \Psi Ψ | Ω \Omega Ω | Π \Pi Π |
\varSigma | \varUpsilon | \varPhi | \varPsi | \varOmega | \varPi |
Σ \varSigma Σ | Υ \varUpsilon Υ | Φ \varPhi Φ | Ψ \varPsi Ψ | Ω \varOmega Ω | Π \varPi Π |
\sigma | \upsilon | \phi | \psi | \omega | \pi |
σ \sigma σ | υ \upsilon υ | ϕ \phi ϕ | ψ \psi ψ | ω \omega ω | π \pi π |
\varsigma | \varphi | \varpi | |||
ς \varsigma ς | φ \varphi φ | ϖ \varpi ϖ |
(3)希腊字母表(图片传送门)):
δ , Δ ϕ , φ , Φ , Φ \delta,\Delta\\ \phi,\varphi,\Phi,\varPhi δ,Δϕ,φ,Φ,Φ
2.斜体和直立体
ps:
英文字母只有在表示变量(或单一字符的函数名称,如f(x))时才可使用斜体,其余情况都应使用罗马体(直立体)。
x i x_i xi: i i i表示 1,2,…,n 为变量
x i x_{\rm i} xi: i {\rm i} i表示"输入"(input)之意,为普通文本
Eg: e:自然对数的底数,为常量; i,j:虚数单位,为常量
运算符名称超过一个字母时应该使用直立体(Eg: m a x max max× max \max max√ )
(0)斜体(默认)(不兼容空格):[符号]
x i = y j x i j = y j i x_i=y_j\\ x_{i j}=y_{j i} xi=yjxij=yji
(1)罗马体roman(不兼容空格):[ {\rm 符号==}== ] [ {\rm {符号组}} ]
x i = y j x i j = y j i x_{\rm i}=y_{\rm j}\\ x_{\rm {i j}}=y_{\rm {j i}} xi=yjxij=yji
(2)文本格式text(兼容空格):[ {\text 文本==}== ] [ {\text {文本组}} ]
x i = y j x i j = y j i x_{\text i}=y_{\text j}\\ x_{\text {i j}}=y_{\text {j i}} xi=yjxi j=yj i
3.上下标
(1)上标:[ 符号==^单个上标 ] [ 符号^=={多个上标} ]
(2)下标:[ 符号==单个下标 ] [ 符号=={多个下标} ]
a 2 , A 1 a 114514 , A 1919810 a^2,A_1\\ a^{114514},A_{1919810} a2,A1a114514,A1919810
4.分式与根式
(1)分式&分式中分式变大式:[ \frac{分子}{分母} ] [ \dfrac{分子}{分母} ]
ps:\dfrac仅在Typora中适用
2
4
=
1
2
f
(
x
)
=
1
x
+
y
x
+
y
1
x
+
1
y
\frac{2}{4}=\frac{1}{2}\\ f(x)=\frac{1}{x+y}\\ \frac{x+y}{\frac{1}{x}+\dfrac{1}{y}}
42=21f(x)=x+y1x1+y1x+y
(2)根式:[ \sqrt{符号} ] [ \sqrt[次方数]{符号} ]
1 + 3 = 4 = 2 8 3 = 2 2 x + 1 4 \sqrt{1+3}=\sqrt 4=2\\ \sqrt[3]{8}=2\\ \sqrt[4]{\sqrt{\frac{2}{x}}+1} 1+3=4=238=24x2+1
5.普通运算符
(1)常用运算符查询表
[图片传送门]
+ | - | \times | \cdot(centre) | \div(divide) | = |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
+ + + | − - − | × \times ×(叉乘) | ⋅ \cdot ⋅(点乘) | ÷ \div ÷ | = = = |
\pm(plus-minus) | \mp(minus-plus) | > | < | \ge(greater_than_or_euqal) | \le(less_than_or_equal) |
± \pm ±(加减) | ∓ \mp ∓(减加) | > > > | < < < | ≥ \ge ≥(大于等于) | ≤ \le ≤(小于等于) |
\gg | \ll | \ne(not_equal) | \approx(approximate) | \equiv(equivalent) | \varnothing |
≫ \gg ≫(远大于) | ≪ \ll ≪(远小于) | ≠ \ne =(不等于) | ≈ \approx ≈(约等于) | ≡ \equiv ≡(恒等于) | ∅ \varnothing ∅(空集) |
\cap | \cup | \in | \notin | \subseteq | \subseteqq |
∩ \cap ∩(交集) | ∪ \cup ∪(并集) | ∈ \in ∈(属于) | ∉ \notin ∈/(不属于) | ⊆ \subseteq ⊆(子集) | ⫅ \subseteqq ⫅(真子集) |
\forall | \exists | \nexists | \because | \therefore | \mathbb Y(bboard_bold) |
∀ \forall ∀(对任意) | ∃ \exists ∃(存在) | ∄ \nexists ∄(不存在) | ∵ \because ∵ | ∴ \therefore ∴ | Y \mathbb Y Y(黑板粗体) |
\R | \Q | \N | \Z | \Z_+ | \Z_- |
R \R R(实数集) | KaTeX parse error: Undefined control sequence: \Q at position 1: \̲Q̲(有理数集) | N \N N(自然数集) | Z \Z Z(整数集) | Z + \Z_+ Z+(正整数集) | Z − \Z_- Z−(负整数集) |
\mathcal | \mathscr | \cdots | \vdots | \ddots | \infty |
F \mathcal F F(书法体) | F \mathscr F F(手迹体/花体) | ⋯ \cdots ⋯(省略号) | ⋮ \vdots ⋮(竖直省略号) | ⋱ \ddots ⋱(斜省略号) | ∞ \infty ∞ |
\partial | \nabla | /propto | \degree | \sin x | \max |
∂ \partial ∂(偏导) | ∇ \nabla ∇(微分算子) | ∝ \propto ∝(正比) | ° \degree °(度) | sin x \sin x sinx | max \max max |
\log_n m | \ln x | \to | \lim_{x \to y}z | \lim\limits_{x \to y}z | , |
log n m \log_n m lognm | ln x \ln x lnx | → \to →(趋近) | lim x → y z \lim_{x \to y}z limx→yz | lim x → y z \lim\limits_{x \to y}z x→ylimz(极限) | A B A\,B AB(小间隔) |
6.大型运算符
(1)求和&乘积:[\sum] & [\prod]
∑ , ∏ ∑ i , ∑ i = 1 n x i ∑ i = 1 n x i ∏ i = 1 n x i \sum,\prod\\ \sum_i,\sum_{i=1}^nx_i\\ \frac {\sum\limits_{i=1}^n x_i}{\prod\limits_{i=1}^n x_i} ∑,∏i∑,i=1∑nxii=1∏nxii=1∑nxi
(2)积分(integral):[\int]
\int | \iint | \iiint | \iiiint | \oint | \oiint | \oiiint |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
∫ \int ∫ | ∬ \iint ∬ | ∭ \iiint ∭ | KaTeX parse error: Undefined control sequence: \iiiint at position 1: \̲i̲i̲i̲i̲n̲t̲ | ∮ \oint ∮ | ∯ \oiint ∬ | ∰ \oiiint ∭ |
不定积分写法:\int f(x)
∫ f ( x ) \int f(x) ∫f(x)
定积分写法:\int_{A}^{B}f(x),{\rm d}x
∫ A B f ( x ) d x \int_{A}^{B}f(x)\,{\rm d}x ∫ABf(x)dx
KaTeX parse error: Undefined control sequence: \iiiint at position 20: …t,\iint,\iiint,\̲i̲i̲i̲i̲n̲t̲,\oint,\oiint,\…
(3)*间隔距离
, | <space> | \quad | \qquad |
---|---|---|---|
A \, B(小空格) | A$\ $B(普通空格) | A \quad B(中空格) | A \qquad B(大空格) |
A B A B A B A B A\,B\\ A\ B\\ A\quad B\\ A\qquad B ABA BABAB
7.标注符号
\hat{a} | \tilde{a} | \check{a} | \acute{a} | \grave{a} | \breve{a} |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
a ^ \hat{a} a^ | a ~ \tilde{a} a~ | a ˇ \check{a} aˇ | a ˊ \acute{a} aˊ | a ˋ \grave{a} aˋ | a ˘ \breve{a} a˘ |
\widehat{ABC} | \widetilde{ABC} | \bar{a} | /vec{a} | \dot{a} | \ddot{a} |
A B C ^ \widehat{ABC} ABC | A B C ~ \widetilde{ABC} ABC | a ˉ \bar{a} aˉ | a ⃗ \vec{a} a | a ˙ \dot{a} a˙ | a ¨ \ddot{a} a¨ |
\mathring{a} | /overline{ABC} | \overrightarrow{ABC} | \dddot{a} | \ddddot{a} | |
a ˚ \mathring{a} a˚ | A B C ‾ \overline{ABC} ABC | A B C → \overrightarrow{ABC} ABC | KaTeX parse error: Undefined control sequence: \dddot at position 1: \̲d̲d̲d̲o̲t̲{a} | KaTeX parse error: Undefined control sequence: \ddddot at position 1: \̲d̲d̲d̲d̲o̲t̲{a} |
8.箭头
\leftarrow \gets | \rightarrow \to | \leftrightarrow | \Leftrightarrow |
---|---|---|---|
← \leftarrow ← ← \gets ← | → \rightarrow → → \to → | ↔ \leftrightarrow ↔ | ⇔ \Leftrightarrow ⇔ |
\longleftarrow | \longrightarrow | \longleftrightarrow | \Longleftrightarrow \iff |
⟵ \longleftarrow ⟵ | ⟶ \longrightarrow ⟶ | ⟷ \longleftrightarrow ⟷ | ⟺ \Longleftrightarrow ⟺ ⟺ \iff ⟺ |
\Leftarrow | \Rightarrow | \mapsto | \hookleftarrow |
⇐ \Leftarrow ⇐ | ⇒ \Rightarrow ⇒ | ↦ \mapsto ↦ | ↩ \hookleftarrow ↩ |
\Longleftarrow | \Longrightarrow | \longmapsto | \hookrightarrow |
⟸ \Longleftarrow ⟸ | ⟹ \Longrightarrow ⟹ | ⟼ \longmapsto ⟼ | ↪ \hookrightarrow ↪ |
\leftharpoonup | \rightharpoonup | \leftharpdown | \rightharpoondown |
↼ \leftharpoonup ↼ | ⇀ \rightharpoonup ⇀ | ↽ \leftharpoondown ↽ | ⇁ \rightharpoondown ⇁ |
\uparrow | \downarrow | \updownarrow | \rightleftharpoons |
↑ \uparrow ↑ | ↓ \downarrow ↓ | ↕ \updownarrow ↕ | ⇌ \rightleftharpoons ⇌ |
\Uparrow | \Downarrow | \Updownarrow | \leadsto l ^\mathscr l l |
⇑ \Uparrow ⇑ | ⇓ \Downarrow ⇓ | ⇕ \Updownarrow ⇕ | ⇝ l \leadsto^\mathscr l ⇝l |
\nearrow | \searrow | \swarrow | \nwarrow |
↗ \nearrow ↗ | ↘ \searrow ↘ | ↙ \swarrow ↙ | ↖ \nwarrow ↖ |
9.括号与定界符
(,) | [,] | \ { | \ } | \lceil | \rceil | \lfloor | \rfloor | | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
( , ) (,) (,) | [ , ] [,] [,] | { \{ { | } \} } | ⌈ \lceil ⌈ | ⌉ \rceil ⌉ | ⌊ \lfloor ⌊ | ⌋ \rfloor ⌋ | $ |
自适应括号:\left左括号 \right右括号
虚拟自适应括号:\left. \right.
( A A A ) [ B B B ] { C C C } { A [ B ( C ) B ] A } ( 1 x , ∞ ] ( 1 x , ∞ ] ∂ y ∂ x ∣ x = 0 ∂ y ∂ x ∣ x = 0 (AAA)[BBB]\{CCC\}\\ \{A[B(C)B]A\}\\ (\frac{1}{x},\infty]\qquad \left(\frac{1}{x},\infty\right]\\ \frac{\partial y}{\partial x}|_{x=0}\qquad \left.\frac{\partial y}{\partial x}\right|_{x=0} (AAA)[BBB]{CCC}{A[B(C)B]A}(x1,∞](x1,∞]∂x∂y∣x=0∂x∂y x=0
10.多行公式
(1)align环境:
\begin{align}
LaTex01==\\==
LaTex02==\\==
…
LaTex n
\end{align}
(2)自定义对齐(默认右对齐中线):&(等距离空格拉伸)
a b c a b c A B C A B C a = b + c = e + f + g \begin{align} abcabc\\ ABCABC\\ a&=b+c\\ &=e+f+g \end{align} abcabcABCABCa=b+c=e+f+g
11.大括号
(1)cases环境:
\begin{cases}
LaTex01==\\==
LaTex02==\\==
…
LaTex n
\end{cases}
(2)自定义对齐(默认右对齐中线):&(等距离空格拉伸)
f ( x ) = { sin x ( x ≥ 1 ) cos x ( 0 ≤ x < 1 ) 0 ( x < 0 ) f(x)= \begin{cases} \sin x &(x\ge1)\\ \cos x &(0\le x<1)\\ 0 &(x<0) \end{cases} f(x)=⎩ ⎨ ⎧sinxcosx0(x≥1)(0≤x<1)(x<0)
12.矩阵
(1)矩阵环境:
matrix | bmatrix | pmatrix | vmatrix |
---|---|---|---|
无括号 | 方括号 | 圆括号 | 竖直括号(行列式) |
\begin{环境}
LaTex01==\\==
LaTex02==\\==
…
LaTex n
\end{环境}
1 0 0 ⋯ 0 0 1 0 ⋯ 0 0 0 1 ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 0 0 0 ⋯ 1 (matrix:无括号) \begin{matrix} \tag{matrix:无括号} 1&0&0&\cdots&0\\ 0&1&0&\cdots&0\\ 0&0&1&\cdots&0\\ \vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ 0&0&0&\cdots&1 \end{matrix} 100⋮0010⋮0001⋮0⋯⋯⋯⋱⋯000⋮1(matrix:无括号)
[ 1 0 0 ⋯ 0 0 1 0 ⋯ 0 0 0 1 ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 0 0 0 ⋯ 1 ] (bmatrix:方括号) \begin{bmatrix} \tag{bmatrix:方括号} 1&0&0&\cdots&0\\ 0&1&0&\cdots&0\\ 0&0&1&\cdots&0\\ \vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ 0&0&0&\cdots&1 \end{bmatrix} 100⋮0010⋮0001⋮0⋯⋯⋯⋱⋯000⋮1 (bmatrix:方括号)
( 1 0 0 ⋯ 0 0 1 0 ⋯ 0 0 0 1 ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 0 0 0 ⋯ 1 ) (pmatrix:圆括号) \begin{pmatrix} \tag{pmatrix:圆括号} 1&0&0&\cdots&0\\ 0&1&0&\cdots&0\\ 0&0&1&\cdots&0\\ \vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ 0&0&0&\cdots&1 \end{pmatrix} 100⋮0010⋮0001⋮0⋯⋯⋯⋱⋯000⋮1 (pmatrix:圆括号)
∣ 1 0 0 ⋯ 0 0 1 0 ⋯ 0 0 0 1 ⋯ 0 ⋮ ⋮ ⋮ ⋱ ⋮ 0 0 0 ⋯ 1 ∣ (vmatrix:行列式) \begin{vmatrix} \tag{vmatrix:行列式} 1&0&0&\cdots&0\\ 0&1&0&\cdots&0\\ 0&0&1&\cdots&0\\ \vdots&\vdots&\vdots&\ddots&\vdots\\ 0&0&0&\cdots&1 \end{vmatrix} 100⋮0010⋮0001⋮0⋯⋯⋯⋱⋯000⋮1 (vmatrix:行列式)
(2)矩阵名称:[\bf 字母] (bold face黑色粗体)
A = ( 1 0 0 1 ) \bf A= \begin{pmatrix} 1&0\\ 0&1 \end{pmatrix} A=(1001)
(3)矩阵转置:[\bf 矩阵名^{\rm T}]
B = ( 1 2 3 4 ) A = B T = ( 1 3 2 4 ) \begin{align} {\bf B}= &\begin{pmatrix} 1&2\\ 3&4 \end{pmatrix}\\\\ {\bf A}={\bf B^{\rm T}}= &\begin{pmatrix} 1&3\\ 2&4 \end{pmatrix} \end{align} B=A=BT=(1324)(1234)
13.复合LaTeX实例
(1)正态分布
$$ \begin{align} &f(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma}{\rm e}^{-\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}\\ &f(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{2\pi}\sigma}\exp\left[{-\frac{(x-\mu)^2}{2\sigma^2}}\right] \end{align} $$(2)极限例式
$$ \lim\limits_{N\to\infty}P\left\{\left|\frac{I\left(\alpha_i\right)}{N}-H(s)\right|<\varepsilon\right\}=1 $$(3)积分例式
$$ x(n)=\frac{1}{2\pi}\int_{-\pi}^\pi X\left({\rm e^{{\rm j}\omega}}\right){\rm e}^{{\rm j}\omega n}\,{\rm d}\omega $$(4)复合例式
$$ \begin{align} \vec{B}\left(\vec{r}\right)&=\frac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\oint_C\frac{I\,{\rm d}\vec{l}\times\vec{R}}{R^3}\\ &=\frac{\mu_0}{4\pi}\int_V\frac{\vec{J}_V\times\vec{R}}{R^3}\,{\rm d}V' \end{align} $$lim x → x 0 ∣ R n ( x ) ( x − x 0 ) n ∣ ≤ lim x → x 0 M ( n + 1 ) ! ∣ x − x 0 ∣ = 0 \lim\limits_{x \to x_0}\left|\frac{R_n(x)}{\left(x-x_0\right)^n}\right|\le\lim\limits_{x \to x_0}\frac{M}{(n+1)!}\left|x-x_0\right|=0 x→x0lim (x−x0)nRn(x) ≤x→x0lim(n+1)!M∣x−x0∣=0
(5)复合练习
自协方差:
γ k = C o v ( X t , X t − k ) = 1 N − k ∑ t = k + 1 N ( x t − x ‾ ) ( x t − x ‾ ) ( 无偏 ) = 1 N ∑ t = k + 1 N ( x t − x ‾ ) ( x t − x ‾ ) ( 有偏 ) \begin{align} \gamma_k&=Cov\left(X_t,X_{t-k}\right)\\ &=\frac{1}{N-k}\sum\limits_{t=k+1}^N\left(x_t-\overline x\right)\left(x_t-\overline x\right)\quad(无偏)\\ &=\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{t=k+1}^N\left(x_t-\overline x\right)\left(x_t-\overline x\right)\quad(有偏)\\ \end{align} γk=Cov(Xt,Xt−k)=N−k1t=k+1∑N(xt−x)(xt−x)(无偏)=N1t=k+1∑N(xt−x)(xt−x)(有偏)
自相关系数:
ρ k = C o v ( X t − k , X t ) γ 0 = γ k γ 0 ( 无偏 ) = ( N − k ) γ k N γ 0 ( 有偏 ) = 1 N − k ∑ t = k + 1 N ( x t − x ‾ ) ( x t − k − x ‾ ) 1 N ∑ t = 1 N ( x t − x ‾ ) 2 ( 无偏 ) = 1 N − k ∑ t = k + 1 N ( x t − x ‾ ) ( x t − k − x ‾ ) 1 N − k ∑ t = 1 N ( x t − x ‾ ) 2 ( 有偏 ) \begin{align} \rho_k&=\frac{Cov\left(X_{t-k},X_t\right)}{\gamma_0}=\frac{\gamma_k}{\gamma_0}\quad(无偏)\\ &=\frac{(N-k)\gamma_k}{N\gamma_0}\quad(有偏)\\ &=\frac{\frac{1}{N-k}\sum\limits_{t=k+1}^N\left(x_t-\overline x\right)\left(x_{t-k}-\overline x\right)}{\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits_{t=1}^N\left(x_t-\overline x\right)^2}\quad(无偏)\\ &=\frac{\frac{1}{N-k}\sum\limits_{t=k+1}^N\left(x_t-\overline x\right)\left(x_{t-k}-\overline x\right)}{\frac{1}{N-k}\sum\limits_{t=1}^N\left(x_t-\overline x\right)^2}\quad(有偏)\\ \end{align} ρk=γ0Cov(Xt−k,Xt)=γ0γk(无偏)=Nγ0(N−k)γk(有偏)=N1t=1∑N(xt−x)2N−k1t=k+1∑N(xt−x)(xt−k−x)(无偏)=N−k1t=1∑N(xt−x)2N−k1t=k+1∑N(xt−x)(xt−k−x)(有偏)
其中,N是序列的长度。
From:TextGroup01 ↩︎