MySQL 案例实战--MySQL 触发器

前言

本环境是基于 Centos 7.8 系统构建MySQL-5.7.14
具体构建，请参考 MySQL-5.7.14 环境构建

经常要对emp和dept表进行连接查询，每次都要做表的连接，写同样的一串语句，同时由于工资列队数据比较敏感，对外要求不可见。
这样，我们可以通过创建视图来完成

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一、什么是触发器

触发器（trigger）是一个特殊的存储过程，它的执行不是由程序调用，也不是手工启动，而是由事件来触发。
当对一个表进行操作（ insert，delete， update）时就会激活它执行。触发器经常用于加强数据的完整性约束和业务规则等。

例如，当学生表中增加了一个学生的信息时，学生的总数就应该同时改变。因此可以针对学生表创建一个触发器，每次增加或删除一个学生记录时，就执行一次学生总数的计算操作，从而保证学生总数与记录数的一致性。

触发器（trigger）是个特殊的存储过程，不同的是执行存储过程要使用CALL语句来调用，
而触发器的执行不需要使用CALL语句来调用，也不需要手工启动，只要当一个预定义的事件发生的时候，就会被MySQL自动调用。
触发程序的优点如下：

• 触发程序的执行是自动的。当对触发程序相关表的数据做出相应的修改后立即执行。
• 触发程序可以通过数据库中相关的表进行层叠修改另外的表。
• 触发程序可以实施比FOREIGN KEY约束、CHECK约束更为复杂的检查和操作。

二、触发器 实战案例

1、学生多表

信息同步跟新（增加、删除）
创建触发器

准备两张表：student、student_total
当student表中增加或者删除学生信息时，student_total统计的数字也随之更新

# 创建student
mysql> create table student
    -> (id int unsigned auto_increment primary key,
    -> name varchar(50));
    
# 创建student_total
mysql> create table student_total(total int);

# 两张表中分别插入数据
mysql> insert into student(name) values('z3');
mysql> insert into student_total values(1);

mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
|  1 | z3   |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student_total;
+-------+
| total |
+-------+
|     1 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

# 创建学生信息增加 触发器
mysql> \d $$
mysql> create trigger student_insert after insert
    -> on student for each row
    -> begin
    ->   update student_total set total=total+1;
    -> end$$
mysql> \d ;

# 创建学生信息删除 触发器
mysql>  \d $$
mysql>  create trigger student_delete after delete
    ->  on student for each row
    ->  begin
    ->    update student_total set total=total-1;
    ->  end$$
mysql> \d ;

# 增加学生时
mysql> insert into student(name)
    -> values('l4');
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
|  1 | z3   |
|  2 | l4   |
+----+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student_total;
+-------+
| total |
+-------+
|     2 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

# 删除学生时
mysql> delete from student
    -> where id=1;
mysql> select * from student;
+----+------+
| id | name |
+----+------+
|  2 | l4   |
+----+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from student_total;
+-------+
| total |
+-------+
|     1 |
+-------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

查看创建的触发器

# 查看创建的触发器
mysql> show triggers\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
             Trigger: student_insert
               Event: INSERT
               Table: student
           Statement: begin
  update student_total set total=total+1;
end
              Timing: AFTER
             Created: 2021-02-03 15:05:38.49
            sql_mode: ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
             Definer: root@localhost
character_set_client: utf8
collation_connection: utf8_general_ci
  Database Collation: utf8_general_ci
*************************** 2. row ***************************
             Trigger: student_delete
               Event: DELETE
               Table: student
           Statement: begin
   update student_total set total=total-1;
 end
              Timing: AFTER
             Created: 2021-02-03 15:21:11.06
            sql_mode: ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
             Definer: root@localhost
character_set_client: utf8
collation_connection: utf8_general_ci
  Database Collation: utf8_general_ci
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)


mysql> select * from information_schema.triggers where TRIGGER_NAME='student_insert' or TRIGGER_NAME='student_delete'\G
*************************** 1. row ***************************
           TRIGGER_CATALOG: def
            TRIGGER_SCHEMA: db
              TRIGGER_NAME: student_insert
        EVENT_MANIPULATION: INSERT
      EVENT_OBJECT_CATALOG: def
       EVENT_OBJECT_SCHEMA: db
        EVENT_OBJECT_TABLE: student
              ACTION_ORDER: 1
          ACTION_CONDITION: NULL
          ACTION_STATEMENT: begin
  update student_total set total=total+1;
end
        ACTION_ORIENTATION: ROW
             ACTION_TIMING: AFTER
ACTION_REFERENCE_OLD_TABLE: NULL
ACTION_REFERENCE_NEW_TABLE: NULL
  ACTION_REFERENCE_OLD_ROW: OLD
  ACTION_REFERENCE_NEW_ROW: NEW
                   CREATED: 2021-02-03 15:05:38.49
                  SQL_MODE: ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
                   DEFINER: root@localhost
      CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT: utf8
      COLLATION_CONNECTION: utf8_general_ci
        DATABASE_COLLATION: utf8_general_ci
*************************** 2. row ***************************
           TRIGGER_CATALOG: def
            TRIGGER_SCHEMA: db
              TRIGGER_NAME: student_delete
        EVENT_MANIPULATION: DELETE
      EVENT_OBJECT_CATALOG: def
       EVENT_OBJECT_SCHEMA: db
        EVENT_OBJECT_TABLE: student
              ACTION_ORDER: 1
          ACTION_CONDITION: NULL
          ACTION_STATEMENT: begin
   update student_total set total=total-1;
 end
        ACTION_ORIENTATION: ROW
             ACTION_TIMING: AFTER
ACTION_REFERENCE_OLD_TABLE: NULL
ACTION_REFERENCE_NEW_TABLE: NULL
  ACTION_REFERENCE_OLD_ROW: OLD
  ACTION_REFERENCE_NEW_ROW: NEW
                   CREATED: 2021-02-03 15:21:11.06
                  SQL_MODE: ONLY_FULL_GROUP_BY,STRICT_TRANS_TABLES,NO_ZERO_IN_DATE,NO_ZERO_DATE,ERROR_FOR_DIVISION_BY_ZERO,NO_AUTO_CREATE_USER,NO_ENGINE_SUBSTITUTION
                   DEFINER: root@localhost
      CHARACTER_SET_CLIENT: utf8
      COLLATION_CONNECTION: utf8_general_ci
        DATABASE_COLLATION: utf8_general_ci
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

删除触发器

mysql> drop trigger student_insert;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> drop trigger student_delete;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> show triggers\G
Empty set (0.00 sec)

2、多表信息同步更新（增加、跟新、删除）

# 创建tb1、tb2表
mysql> create table tb1
    -> (id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(50),
    -> gender enum('男','女') default '男',
    -> age int);

mysql> create table tb2
    -> (id int primary key auto_increment,
    -> name varchar(50),
    -> salary double(10,2)
    -> );


# 分别创建插入、更新、删除的触发器
mysql> create trigger tb1_after_insert
    -> after insert
    -> on tb1 for each row
    -> begin
    ->   insert into tb2(name,salary) values(new.name,8000);
    -> end$$

mysql> create trigger tb1_after_update
    -> after update
    -> on tb1 for each row
    -> begin
    ->   update tb2 set name=new.name where name=old.name;
    -> end$$

mysql> create trigger tb1_after_delete
    -> after delete 
    -> on tb1 for each row
    -> begin
    ->   delete from tb2 where name=old.name;
    -> end$$

#

# 测试
---tb1插入三条记录
mysql> insert into tb1(name,age) values('张三','16');
mysql> insert into tb1(name,age) values('李四','22');
mysql> insert into tb1(name,age) values('王五','32');

---tb1、tb2均插入信息
mysql> select * from tb1;
+----+--------+--------+------+
| id | name   | gender | age  |
+----+--------+--------+------+
|  1 | 张三   | 男     |   16 |
|  2 | 李四   | 男     |   22 |
|  3 | 王五   | 男     |   32 |
+----+--------+--------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from tb2;
+----+--------+---------+
| id | name   | salary  |
+----+--------+---------+
|  1 | 张三   | 8000.00 |
|  2 | 李四   | 8000.00 |
|  3 | 王五   | 8000.00 |
+----+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

# 修改id=2的学生name
mysql> update tb1
    -> set name='老六'
    -> where id=2;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from tb1;
+----+--------+--------+------+
| id | name   | gender | age  |
+----+--------+--------+------+
|  1 | 张三   | 男     |   16 |
|  2 | 老六   | 男     |   22 |
|  3 | 王五   | 男     |   32 |
+----+--------+--------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from tb2;
+----+--------+---------+
| id | name   | salary  |
+----+--------+---------+
|  1 | 张三   | 8000.00 |
|  2 | 老六   | 8000.00 |
|  3 | 王五   | 8000.00 |
+----+--------+---------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> delete from tb1
    -> where id=3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from tb1;
+----+--------+--------+------+
| id | name   | gender | age  |
+----+--------+--------+------+
|  1 | 张三   | 男     |   16 |
|  2 | 老六   | 男     |   22 |
+----+--------+--------+------+
2 rows in set (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from tb2;
+----+--------+---------+
| id | name   | salary  |
+----+--------+---------+
|  1 | 张三   | 8000.00 |
|  2 | 老六   | 8000.00 |
+----+--------+---------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)