numpy基础知识

numpy基础知识

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一、数据类型及数组的创建

1. 常量

• numpy.nan
  nan表示空值，nan=NaN=NAN
  两个numpy.nan是不相等的。np.nan != np.nan #true
• numpy.inf
  表示正无穷大，Inf = inf = infty = Infinity = PINF
• numpy.pi
  表示圆周率
• numpy.e
  表示自然常数

2. 数据类型

字符	对应类型	备注
b	boolean	‘b1’
i	signed integer	‘i1’, ‘i2’, ‘i4’, ‘i8’
u	unsigned integer	‘u1’, ‘u2’ ,‘u4’ ,‘u8’
f	floating-point	‘f2’, ‘f4’, ‘f8’
c	complex floating-point
m	timedelta64	timedelta64
M	datetime64	日期时间类型
O	object
S	(byte-)string	S3表示长度为3的字符串
U	Unicode	Unicode 字符串
V	void

numpy 的数值类型实际上是 dtype 对象的实例。
class dtype(object):
    def __init__(self, obj, align=False, copy=False):
        pass

import numpy as np

a = np.dtype('b1')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.bool_'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 1

a = np.dtype('i1')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.int8'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 1
a = np.dtype('i2')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.int16'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 2
a = np.dtype('i4')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.int32'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 4
a = np.dtype('i8')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.int64'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 8

a = np.dtype('u1')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.uint8'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 1
a = np.dtype('u2')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.uint16'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 2
a = np.dtype('u4')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.uint32'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 4
a = np.dtype('u8')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.uint64'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 8

a = np.dtype('f2')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.float16'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 2
a = np.dtype('f4')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.float32'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 4
a = np.dtype('f8')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.float64'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 8

a = np.dtype('S')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.bytes_'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 0
a = np.dtype('S3')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.bytes_'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 3

a = np.dtype('U3')
print(a.type)  # <class 'numpy.str_'>
print(a.itemsize)  # 12

3. 时间日期

在numpy中可以将字符串转换为时间类型（datetime64）

创建datetime64对象：
import numpy as np

a = np.datetime64('2020-03-01')
print(a, a.dtype)  # 2020-03-01 datetime64[D]

a = np.datetime64('2020-03')
print(a, a.dtype)  # 2020-03 datetime64[M]

a = np.datetime64('2020-03-08 20:00:05')
print(a, a.dtype)  # 2020-03-08T20:00:05 datetime64[s]

a = np.datetime64('2020-03-08 20:00')
print(a, a.dtype)  # 2020-03-08T20:00 datetime64[m]

a = np.datetime64('2020-03-08 20')
print(a, a.dtype)  # 2020-03-08T20 datetime64[h]

创建datetime64数组：
import numpy as np
a = np.array(['2020-03', '2020-03-08', '2020-03-08 20:00'], dtype='datetime64')
print(a, a.dtype)
# ['2020-03-01T00:00' '2020-03-08T00:00' '2020-03-08T20:00'] datetime64[m]

生成范围日期数组：
import numpy as np

a = np.arange('2020-08-01', '2020-08-10', dtype=np.datetime64)
print(a)
# ['2020-08-01' '2020-08-02' '2020-08-03' '2020-08-04' '2020-08-05'
#  '2020-08-06' '2020-08-07' '2020-08-08' '2020-08-09']
print(a.dtype)  # datetime64[D]

a = np.arange('2020-08-01 20:00', '2020-08-10', dtype=np.datetime64)
print(a)
# ['2020-08-01T20:00' '2020-08-01T20:01' '2020-08-01T20:02' ...
#  '2020-08-09T23:57' '2020-08-09T23:58' '2020-08-09T23:59']
print(a.dtype)  # datetime64[m]

a = np.arange('2020-05', '2020-12', dtype=np.datetime64)
print(a)
# ['2020-05' '2020-06' '2020-07' '2020-08' '2020-09' '2020-10' '2020-11']
print(a.dtype)  # datetime64[M]

二、使用步骤

1.引入库

代码如下（示例）：

import numpy as np
import pandas as pd
import matplotlib.pyplot as plt
import seaborn as sns
import warnings
warnings.filterwarnings('ignore')
import  ssl
ssl._create_default_https_context = ssl._create_unverified_context

2.读入数据

代码如下（示例）：

data = pd.read_csv(
    'https://labfile.oss.aliyuncs.com/courses/1283/adult.data.csv')
print(data.head())

该处使用的url网络请求的数据。

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