Ubuntu从入门到入门

1 Ubuntu Desktop Install

1.1 Ubuntu Desktop Version

• Ubuntu 14.04.5 LTS Desktop (64-bit)(supported until April 2019)
• Ubuntu 14.04.6 LTS Desktop (64-bit)
• Ubuntu 16.04.5 LTS Desktop (64-bit)
• Ubuntu 16.04.6 LTS Desktop (64-bit)
• Ubuntu 18.04.1 LTS Desktop (64-bit)
• Ubuntu 18.04.2 LTS Desktop (64-bit)
• Ubuntu 18.10 Desktop (64-bit)
• Ubuntu Download

1.2 Create a bootable USB stick on Windows

• Rufus, a free and open source USB stick writing tool. Download Rufus 3.5

2 Install

• Using apt search and install packages xxx

sudo apt-cache search xxx
sudo apt install xxx

• xxx.deb

sudo dpkg -i xxx.deb
sudo apt install -f

sudo apt install ./xxx.deb

• xxx.bin

sudo chmod +x xxx.bin
sudo ./xxx.bin

• .sh

sudo chmod +x xxx.sh
./xxx.sh

• pinyin

sudo apt install ibus-pinyin
sudo reboot

• chromium

sudo apt install chromium-browser

• vim

sudo apt install vim

• teamviewer

sudo apt install ./teamviewer_xxx_[arch].deb

• ssh

sudo apt install openssh-server
sudo service ssh start
# could not load host key
sudo dpkg-reconfigure openssh-server
sudo service ssh status

• Visual Studio Code

• The easiest way to install for Debian/Ubuntu based distributions is to download and install the .deb package (64-bit) either through the graphical software center if it’s available or through the command line with:

sudo dpkg -i <file>.deb
sudo apt install -f		# Install dependencies

• The repository and key can also be installed manually with the following script:
  Then update the package cache and install the package using:

curl https://packages.microsoft.com/keys/microsoft.asc | gpg --dearmor > microsoft.gpg
sudo mv microsoft.gpg /etc/apt/trusted.gpg.d/microsoft.gpg
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [arch=amd64] https://packages.microsoft.com/repos/vscode stable main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/vscode.list'

sudo apt install apt-transport-https
sudo apt update
sudo apt install code		# or code-insiders

• git

sudo apt install git
git config --global user.name "xxx"
git config --global user.email "你的邮箱地址"
ssh-keygen -C 'you email address@gmail.com' -t rsa

3 Operation

• Update and upgrade

sudo apt update
sudo apt upgrade

• /etc/apt/souce.list

sudo gedit /etc/apt/souce.list

• Add and delete PPA

sudo add-apt-repository ppa:user/ppa-name
cd /etc/apt/sources.list.d/

• Clear apt

sudo apt automove
sudo apt clean
sudo apt autoclean
sudo du -sh /var/cache/apt

• apt-key

sudo apt-key list
sudo apt-key add xxx
sudo apt-key del xxx
sudo apt-key update

• trash

cd .local/share/Trash/
sudo rm -rf .local/share/Trash/*

• Free up cache memory

sudo du -sh .cache/thumbnails
sudo rm -rf .cache/thumbnails/*

• Create file and folder

sudo touch xxx.xxx
sudo mkdir	xxx

• Unzip

# xxx.zip
sudo unzip xxx.zip
# xxx.rar
sudo unrar x xxx.rar
# xxx.tar.gz
sudo tar zxvf xxx.tar.gz

• IP

sudo gedit /etc/network/interfaces
sudo /etc/init.d/networking restart
ifconfig

• pip

pip install --upgrade xxx

• Check memory space

df -hl

• Add USB external hard disk

sudo apt install ntfs-3g
sudo reboot
sudo fdisk -l
sudo mkdir /media/*/usbhdd0		# *: username
sudo chown *:* /media/*/usbhdd0
sudo mount -t auto -o uid=*,gid=* /dev/sd*1 /media/*/usbhdd0

• Load external hard disk

sudo mount /dev/sda1 /media/pi/usbhdd
sudo umount /dev/sda1

• Add source .sh

sudo gedit .bashrc
source /xxx/xxx/xxx/xxx.sh

• Xilinx drivers Vivado

cd /xxx/Xilinx/SDK/xxx/data/xicom/cable_drivers/lin64/install_script/install_drivers
sudo ./install_drivers
# or
sudo ./install_digilent.sh

功能	快捷键
打开Terminal	Ctrl+Shift+T
自动补全	Tab

4 Windows上运行Ubuntu

4.1 配置WIndows环境

控制面板——程序——启用或关闭Windows功能——适用于Linux的Windows子系统
设置——更新和安全——开发者选项——开发人员模式

4.2 SSH

• 1 安装openssh-server

sudo apt install openssh-server
# sudo apt install openssh-client

• 2 备份配置文件

sudo cp /etc/ssh/sshd_config /etc/ssh/sshd_config.bak

• 3 修改配置文件

sudo vim /etc/ssh/sshd_config

Port 23		# 端口22被占用
ListenAddress 0.0.0.0
PasswordAuthentication yes		# 允许密码登录

4.3 安装桌面

4.3.1 Windows上安装VcXsrv

下载VcXsrv

4.3.2 Ubuntu内安装桌面环境

sudo apt install ubuntu-desktop unity compizconfig-settings-manager
export DISPLAY=localhost:0
ccsm
sudo compiz

操作

• shadow
  密码域密文由三部分组成的，即：$id$salt$encrypted。

• id为1时，采用md5进行加密；
• id为5时，采用SHA256进行加密；
• id为6时，采用SHA512进行加密。

openssl passwd -id -salt 'xxx' 'xxx'