设计模式之状态模式

将当前工作场景所要做的工作内容（工作内容互相之间有顺序切换关系）交给具体状态类处理（每一种状态处理特定行为），避免所有繁琐的业务包杂在工作场景进行过多的分支切换操作，经过这样的分层之后，使得状态的切换也只是在状态类之间切换（通过传递工作场景对象指针或引用），虽说代码量增加了不少，但是对于业务的处理清晰了许多。

例一：

state.h

#ifndef STATE_H
#define STATE_H


#include <iostream>

using namespace std;

class Context;
//抽象状态类
class State
{
public:
    //抽象状态的纯虚函数，子类需继承实现具体行为，依赖Context指针做为状态切换参数
    virtual void Handle(Context* pContext) = 0;

};

//工作场景
class Context
{
public:
    //定义_state的初始状态
    Context(State* pState)

    {
        _state = pState;
    }

    ~Context();

    //对请求做处理，并设置下一状态
    void Request()
    {
        if(NULL != _state)
        {
            _state->Handle(this);
        }
    }

    void ChangeState(State* pState)
    {
        _state = pState;
    }
private:
    State* _state;
};

//具体状态类C
class ConcreteStateC : public State
{
public:
    //执行该状态的行为并改变状态
    virtual void Handle(Context* pContext);
};

//具体状态类B
class ConcreteStateB : public State
{
public:
    //执行该状态的行为并改变状态为C状态
    virtual void Handle(Context* pContext)
    {
        cout << "ConcreteStateB" << endl;
        pContext->ChangeState(new ConcreteStateC());
    }
};

//具体状态类A
class ConcreteStateA : public State
{
public:

    //执行该状态的行为并改变状态为B状态
    virtual void Handle(Context* pContext)
    {
        cout << "ConcreteStateA" << endl;
        pContext->ChangeState(new ConcreteStateB());
    }
};

#endif // STATE_H

state.cpp

#include "state.h"

//执行该状态的行为并改变状态为A状态
void ConcreteStateC::Handle(Context *pContext)
{
    cout << "ConcreteStateC" << endl;
    pContext->ChangeState(new ConcreteStateA());
}

main.cpp

int main()
{
    State* pState = new ConcreteStateA();
    Context* pContext = new Context(pState);
    pContext->Request();
    pContext->Request();
    pContext->Request();
    pContext->Request();

    return 0; 
}

例二：
car.h

#ifndef _CAR_H_
#define _CAR_H_

class Car;
class State
{
    public:
        virtual void forward(Car *) = 0;
        virtual void turnLeft(Car *) = 0;
        virtual void turnRight(Car *) = 0;
        virtual void display() = 0;
};

class Car
{
    public:
        Car(){}
        Car(int i,int j):x(i),y(j)
        {
            state = new North();
        }
        ~Car()
        {
            delete state;
        }
        int getX(){ return x;   }
        int getY(){ return y;   }

        void forward();
        void turnLeft();
        void turnRight();
        void disp();

        class North : public State
        {
            void forward(Car *);
            void turnLeft(Car *);
            void turnRight(Car *);
            void display();
        };
        class South : public State
        {
            void forward(Car *);
            void turnLeft(Car *);
            void turnRight(Car *);
            void display();
        };
        class East : public State
        {
            void forward(Car *);
            void turnLeft(Car *);
            void turnRight(Car *);
            void display();
        };
        class West : public State
        {
            void forward(Car *);
            void turnLeft(Car *);
            void turnRight(Car *);
            void display();
        };

    private:
        int x;
        int y;
        State *state;
};


#endif

car.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "car.h"

using namespace std;

void Car::forward()
{
    /*
    switch(state)
    {
        case 0:
            x++;break;
        case 1:
            x--;break;
        case 2:
            y--;break;
        case 3:
            y++;break;
        default:
            break;
    }
*/
    state->forward(this);
}

void Car::turnLeft()
{
    //State *p = state;
    state->turnLeft(this);
    //delete p;
}

void Car::turnRight()
{
    //State *p = state;
    state->turnRight(this);
    //delete p;
}

void Car::disp()
{
    cout << "state: ";
    state->display();
    cout << getX() << " , " << getY() << endl;
}

//north
void Car::North::forward(Car *c)
{
    c->y++;
}
void Car::North::turnLeft(Car *c)
{
    c->state = new West();
}
void Car::North::turnRight(Car *c)
{
    c->state = new East();
}
void Car::North::display()
{
    cout << "North:";
}

//south
void Car::South::forward(Car *c)
{
    c->y--;
}
void Car::South::turnLeft(Car *c)
{
    c->state = new East();
}
void Car::South::turnRight(Car *c)
{
    c->state = new West();
}
void Car::South::display()
{
    cout << "South: ";
}

//east
void Car::East::forward(Car *c)
{
    c->x++;
}
void Car::East::turnLeft(Car *c)
{
    c->state = new North();
}
void Car::East::turnRight(Car *c)
{
    c->state = new South();
}
void Car::East::display()
{
    cout << "East:";
}

//west
void Car::West::forward(Car *c)
{
    c->x--;
}
void Car::West::turnLeft(Car *c)
{
    c->state = new South();
}
void Car::West::turnRight(Car *c)
{
    c->state = new North();
}
void Car::West::display()
{
    cout << "West: ";
}

main.cpp

#include <iostream>
#include "car.h"

using namespace std;

int main()
{
    Car c(0,0); // 0,0
    c.forward();//0,1
    c.forward();//0,2
    c.forward();//0.3
    c.disp();

    c.turnRight();
    c.disp();

    c.forward();//1,3
    c.forward();//2,3
    c.forward();//3,3
    c.disp();

    return 0;
}