1. Servlet
1.1 什么是Servlet
- Servlet就是sun公司开发动态web的一门技术
- Sun在这些APi中提供一个接口叫做:Servlet,如果你想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤:
- 编写一个类,实现Serlet接口
- 把开发好java类部署到web服务器中。
把实现了Servlet接口的Java程序叫做,Servlet
1.2 HelloServlet
Serlvet接口Sun公司有两个默认的实现类:HttpServlet,GenericServled
1.构建一个普通的Maven项目,等理面的sc目录,以后我们的学习就在这个项目里面建立Moudel;这个空的工程就题Maven主工程;
2.在Maven父工程pom.xml文件中导入servlet和jsp的依赖
<dependencies>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet-api</artifactId>
<version>4.0.1</version>
</dependency>
<dependency>
<groupId>javax.servlet.jsp</groupId>
<artifactId>javax.servlet.jsp-api</artifactId>
<version>2.3.3</version>
</dependency>
</dependencies>
关于Maven父子工程的理解;
- 父项目中会有
<modules>
<module>servlet-01</module>
</modules>
- 子项目会有
<parent>
<artifactId>javaweb-02-servlet</artifactId>
<groupId>com.kuang</groupId>
<version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version>
</parent>
3.Maven环境优化
- 修改web.xml为最新的
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
<web-app xmlns="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee"
xmlns:xsi="http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance"
xsi:schemaLocation="http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee
http://xmlns.jcp.org/xml/ns/javaee/web-app_4_0.xsd"
version="4.0"
metadata-complete="true">
</web-app>
- 将maven的结构搭建完整
- 创建Java源码文件夹
- 创建resources资源文件夹
4.编写一个Servlet程序
- 编写一个普通类
- 实现Servlet接口,这里我们直接继承HttpServlet
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
//由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同的方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样;
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter(); //响应流
writer.print("Hello,Serlvet");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
为什么继承了HttpServlet只重写doGet和doPost方法?
因为我们现在学的项目大都是get和post的请求,其他的请求方式很少用到,所以只重写doGet和doPost方法。
由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同的方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样;
5.编写Servlet的映射
为什么需要映射:我们写的是JAVA程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需
要再web服务中注册我们写的Servlet,还需给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径;
<!--注册Servlet-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<!--Servlet的请求路径-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
6.配置Tomcat
详情请参考:https://blog.csdn.net/Yearingforthefuture/article/details/115444307
7.启动测试
1.3 了解Servlet原理
Servlet是由Web服务器调用,web服务器在收到浏览器请求之后,会:
1.4 Mapping问题
1.一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
2.一个servlet可以指定多个映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello3</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello4</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello5</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
3.一个servlet可以指定通用映射路径
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
4.默认请求路径
<!--默认请求路径-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
5.指定一些后缀或者前缀等等…
<!--可以自定义后缀实现请求映射
注意点,*前面不能加项目映射的路径
hello/sajdlkajda.qinjiang
-->
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>*.qinjiang</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
6.优先级问题
指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求;
<!--404-->
<servlet>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>error</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/*</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
1.5 ServletContext
web容器在启动的时候,它会为每个web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的web应用;
1.5.1 共享数据
我在这个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另外一个servlet中拿到;
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//this.getInitParameter() 初始化参数
//this.getServletConfig() Servlet配置
//this.getServletContext() Servlet上下文
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = "秦疆"; //数据
context.setAttribute("username",username); //将一个数据保存在了ServletContext中,名字为:username 。值 username
}
}
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = (String) context.getAttribute("username");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.getWriter().print("名字"+username);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
<servlet>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>hello</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.GetServlet</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>getc</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/getc</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
1.5.2 获取初始化参数
<!--配置一些web应用初始化参数-->
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
resp.getWriter().print(url);
}
1.5.3 请求转发
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
System.out.println("进入了ServletDemo04");
//RequestDispatcher requestDispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp"); //转发的请求路径
//requestDispatcher.forward(req,resp); //调用forward实现请求转发;
context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req,resp);
}
1.5.4 读取资源文件
Properties
在java目录下新建properties
在resources目录下新建properties
发现:都被打包到了同一个路径下:classes,我们俗称这个路径为classpath:
思路:需要一个文件流
username=root12312
password=zxczxczxc
public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/com/kuang/servlet/aa.properties");
Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(is);
String user = prop.getProperty("username");
String pwd = prop.getProperty("password");
resp.getWriter().print(user+":"+pwd);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
1.6 HttpServletResponse
web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest
对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse
;
- 如果要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找
HttpServletRequest
- 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找
HttpServletResponse
1.6.1 分类
向浏览器发送数据的方法
servletOutputstream getOutputstream() throws IOException;
Printwriter getwriter() throws IOException;
向浏览器发送响应头的方法
void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);
void setContentLength(int var1);
void setContentLengthLong(long var1);
void setContentType(String var1);
void setDateHeader(String varl,long var2)
void addDateHeader(String var1,long var2)
void setHeader(String var1,String var2);
void addHeader(String var1,String var2);
void setIntHeader(String var1,int var2);
void addIntHeader(String varl,int var2);
响应的状态码
int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
int SC_OK = 200;
int SC_CREATED = 201;
int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
int SC_FOUND = 302;
int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
int SC_GONE = 410;
int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;
int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;
1.6.2 常见应用
1.向浏览器输出消息
2.下载文件
1. 要获取下载文件的路径
2. 下载的文件名是啥?
3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
4. 获取下载文件的输入流
5. 创建缓冲区
6. 获取OutputStream对象
7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到bufer缓冲区
8. 使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端!
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//1.获取文件路径
String filePath = "D:\\IdeaProject\\JavaWeb\\javaweb-02-servlet\\response\\src\\main\\resources\\测试.jpg";
//2.获取文件名
String fileName = filePath.substring(filePath.lastIndexOf("\\")+1);
//3.设置我们要下载的响应头信息
resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition","attachment;filename="+ URLEncoder.encode(fileName,"utf-8"));
//4.读取下载的文件内容FileInputStream
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(filePath);
//5.创建缓冲区
int len = 0;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
//6.将读取的内容写入进去
ServletOutputStream out = resp.getOutputStream();
while((len = in.read(buffer))!=-1) {
//7.将FileOutputStream流写入到bufer缓冲区,将缓冲区的数据输出到客户端!
out.write(buffer,0,len);
}
//8.关闭流
in.close();
out.close();
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
super.doPost(req, resp);
}
}
1.6.3 验证码功能
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//如何让浏览器3秒自动刷新一次;
resp.setHeader("refresh","3");
//在内存中创建一个图片
BufferedImage image = new BufferedImage(80,20,BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_BGR);
//创建画笔
Graphics2D g = (Graphics2D) image.getGraphics();
//设置背景颜色
g.setColor(Color.white);
g.fillRect(0,0,80,20);
//给图片写数据
g.setColor(Color.BLUE);
g.setFont(new Font(null,Font.BOLD,20));
g.drawString(makeNum(),0,20);
//告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开
resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
//网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
resp.setDateHeader("expires",-1);
resp.setHeader("Cache-Control","no-cache");
resp.setHeader("Pragma","no-cache");
//把图片写给浏览器
ImageIO.write(image,"jpg", resp.getOutputStream());
}
//生成随机数
private String makeNum(){
Random random = new Random();
String num = random.nextInt(9999999) + "";
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (int i = 0; i < 7-num.length() ; i++) {
sb.append("0");
}
num = sb.toString() + num;
return num;
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
super.doPost(req, resp);
}
}
1.6.4 重定向
一个web资源(B)收到客户端A请求后,B他会通知A客户端去访问另外一一个web资源(C),这个过程叫重定向
常见场景:
- 用户登录
重定向方法:
void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;
测试:
@override
protected void doGet(HttpservletRequest req, HttpservletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
resp. sendRedirect("/r/img");//重定向
/*
resp. setHeader("Location","/r/img");
resp. setstatus (302);
*
}
面试题:请你聊聊重定向和转发的区别?
相同点
- 页面都会实现跳转
不同点
- 请求转发的时候,ur|不会产生变化
- 重定向时候,urI地址栏会发生变化;
模拟登陆后重定向
index.jsp
<html>
<body>
<h2>Hel1o World!</h2>
《%--这里超交的路径,需要寻找到项目的路径--%>
<%--${pageContext. request, contextPath}代表当前的项目--%>
<form action="${pageContext. request.contextPath}/login" method="get">
用户名: <input type="text" name="username"> <br>
密码: <input type="password" name="password"> <br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
重定向测试RequestTest.java
public class RequestTest extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//处理方求
String username = req.getParameter( s: "username");
String password rea.getParameter( s: "password");
System.out.println(username+":"+password);
resp.sendRedirect(s: "/r/success.jsp");
}
重定向页面success.jsp
<%@ page contentType="text/html; charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>success</h1>
</body>
</html>
web.xml配置
<servlet>
<servlet-name>requset</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com. kuang. servlet. RequestTest</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>requset</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/login</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
1.7 HttpServletResponse
HttpServletRequest
代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http
协议访问服务器, HTTP请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest
,通过这个
HttpServletRequest
的方法,获得客户端的所有信息;
获取参数,请求转发
注意:这里的/代表当前的web应用
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpservletRequest req. HttpservletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
req. setcharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.setcharacterEncoding("utf-8");
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
String[] hobbys = req.getParameterValues("hobbys");
System.out.println("==========");
//后台接收中文乱码问题
System. out.println(username);
System. out.println(password);
System. out.println(Arrays.tostring(hobbys));
System. out.println("============");
system. out.println(req.getContextPath());
//通过请求转发
//这里的/代表当前的web应用
req.getRequestDispatcher("/success.jsp").forward(req,resp);
}
内容参考:https://www.bilibili.com/video/BV12J411M7Sj