文章目录
6 Servlet
6.1 Servlet简介
Servlet就是Sun公司开发动态web的一门技术,Sun公司在这些API中提供了一个接口:Servlet;
如果想开发一个Servlet程序,只需要完成两个小步骤:编写一个类,实现Servlet接口;把开发好的Java类部署到Web服务器中
把实现了Servlet接口的Java程序叫做Servlet
6.2 HelloServlet
Servlet接口在Sun公司有两个默认的实现类:HttpServlet
-
构建一个普通的Maven项目,删掉里面的src目录,以后我们的学习就在这个项目里面建立Module,这个空的工程就是Maven主工程
-
关于Maven父子工程的理解:
-
在父项目中有个modules:
<modules> <module>servlet-01</module> </modules>
-
在子项目中有个parent:
<parent> <artifactId>javaweb-02-servlet</artifactId> <groupId>com.kuang</groupId> <version>1.0-SNAPSHOT</version> </parent>
-
父项目中的java子项目可以直接使用
son extends father
-
-
Maven环境优化
- 修改web.xml为最新的
- 将Maven结构搭建完整
-
编写一个Servlet程序
-
编写一个普通类
-
实现Servlet接口,这里我们直接继承HttpServlet
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet { //由于get或者post只是请求实现的不同方式,可以相互调用,业务逻辑都一样 @Override protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { //ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream(); PrintWriter writer = resp.getWriter(); //响应流 writer.print("Hello, Servlet"); } @Override protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException { super.doPost(req, resp); } }
-
-
编写Servlet的映射
-
为什么需要映射:我们写的是Java程序,但是要通过浏览器访问,而浏览器需要连接web服务器,所以我们需要在web服务中注册我们写的Servlet,还需给他一个浏览器能够访问的路径
<servlet> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <!--Servlet的请求路径--> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
-
配置Tomcat,注意配置项目发布的路径
-
启动测试
6.3 Servlet原理
Servlet是由Web服务器调用,Web服务器在收到浏览器请求之后,会:
6.4 Mapping的问题
-
一个Servlet可以指定一个映射路径
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
一个Servlet可以指定多个映射路径
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello1</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello2</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
一个Servlet可以指定通用映射路径
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
默认请求路径(直接进映射页面)
<servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
指定一些后缀或者前缀等等…
<!--可以自定义后缀实现请求映射 注意点,*前面不能加任何映射的路径 hello/asdfl.qinjiang可以--> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>*.qinjiang</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
-
优先级问题
指定了固有的映射路径优先级最高,如果找不到就会走默认的处理请求
<servlet> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.HelloServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>hello</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/hello</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping> <!--404--> <servlet> <servlet-name>error</servlet-name> <servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.ErrorServlet</servlet-class> </servlet> <servlet-mapping> <servlet-name>error</servlet-name> <url-pattern>/*</url-pattern> </servlet-mapping>
6.5 ServletContext
Web容器在启动的时候,他会为每个Web程序都创建一个对应的ServletContext对象,它代表了当前的Web应用:
1)共享数据
我在这个Servlet中保存的数据,可以在另外一个Servlet中拿到;
public class HelloServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
// this.getInitParameter(); 初始化参数
// this.getServletConfig(); Servlet配置
// this.getServletContext(); Servlet上下文
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = "qinjiang"; //数据
context.setAttribute("username", username); //将一个数据保存在了ServletContext中,名字为:username,值为:username
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
super.doPost(req, resp);
}
}
public class GetServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String username = (String)context.getAttribute("username");
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
resp.setContentType("text/html");
resp.getWriter().print("username: " + username);am
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
2)获取初始化参数
public class ServletDemo03 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
String url = context.getInitParameter("url");
resp.getWriter().print(url);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
<!--配置一些web应用初始化参数-->
<context-param>
<param-name>url</param-name>
<param-value>jdbc:mysql://localhost:3306/mybatis</param-value>
</context-param>
<servlet>
<servlet-name>gp</servlet-name>
<servlet-class>com.kuang.servlet.ServletDemo03</servlet-class>
</servlet>
<servlet-mapping>
<servlet-name>gp</servlet-name>
<url-pattern>/gp</url-pattern>
</servlet-mapping>
3)请求转发
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
ServletContext context = this.getServletContext();
System.out.println("进入了Demo04");
// RequestDispatcher dispatcher = context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp"); //转发的请求路径
// dispatcher.forward(req, resp); //调用Servlet的forward实现请求转发
context.getRequestDispatcher("/gp").forward(req, resp);
}
4)读取资源文件
Properties
- 在java目录下新建properties
- 在resources目录下新建properties
发现都被打包到了同一个路径下:classes,我们俗称这个路径为classpath:
思路:需要一个文件流; 访问测试即可
username=root
password=123456
public class ServletDemo05 extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
InputStream is = this.getServletContext().getResourceAsStream("/WEB-INF/classes/db.properties");
Properties prop = new Properties();
prop.load(is);
String username = prop.getProperty("username");
String password = prop.getProperty("password");
resp.getWriter().print(username + "username");
resp.getWriter().print(password + "password");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
6.6 HttpServletResponse
Web服务器接收到客户端的http请求,会针对这个请求,分别创建一个代表请求的HttpServletRequest对象,代表响应的一个HttpServletResponse对象;
- 如果我们要获取客户端请求过来的参数:找HttpServletRequest
- 如果要给客户端响应一些信息:找HttpServletResponse
1)简单分类
- 负责向浏览器发送数据的方法
ServletOutputStream getOutputStream() throws IOException;
PrintWriter getWriter() throws IOException;
- 负责像浏览器发送响应头的方法
void setCharacterEncoding(String var1);
void setContentLength(int var1);
void setContentLengthLong(long var1);
void setContentType(String var1);
void setDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void addDateHeader(String var1, long var2);
void setHeader(String var1, String var2);
void addHeader(String var1, String var2);
void setIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
void addIntHeader(String var1, int var2);
- 相应的状态码
int SC_CONTINUE = 100;
int SC_SWITCHING_PROTOCOLS = 101;
int SC_OK = 200;
int SC_CREATED = 201;
int SC_ACCEPTED = 202;
int SC_NON_AUTHORITATIVE_INFORMATION = 203;
int SC_NO_CONTENT = 204;
int SC_RESET_CONTENT = 205;
int SC_PARTIAL_CONTENT = 206;
int SC_MULTIPLE_CHOICES = 300;
int SC_MOVED_PERMANENTLY = 301;
int SC_MOVED_TEMPORARILY = 302;
int SC_FOUND = 302;
int SC_SEE_OTHER = 303;
int SC_NOT_MODIFIED = 304;
int SC_USE_PROXY = 305;
int SC_TEMPORARY_REDIRECT = 307;
int SC_BAD_REQUEST = 400;
int SC_UNAUTHORIZED = 401;
int SC_PAYMENT_REQUIRED = 402;
int SC_FORBIDDEN = 403;
int SC_NOT_FOUND = 404;
int SC_METHOD_NOT_ALLOWED = 405;
int SC_NOT_ACCEPTABLE = 406;
int SC_PROXY_AUTHENTICATION_REQUIRED = 407;
int SC_REQUEST_TIMEOUT = 408;
int SC_CONFLICT = 409;
int SC_GONE = 410;
int SC_LENGTH_REQUIRED = 411;
int SC_PRECONDITION_FAILED = 412;
int SC_REQUEST_ENTITY_TOO_LARGE = 413;
int SC_REQUEST_URI_TOO_LONG = 414;
int SC_UNSUPPORTED_MEDIA_TYPE = 415;
int SC_REQUESTED_RANGE_NOT_SATISFIABLE = 416;
int SC_EXPECTATION_FAILED = 417;
int SC_INTERNAL_SERVER_ERROR = 500;
int SC_NOT_IMPLEMENTED = 501;
int SC_BAD_GATEWAY = 502;
int SC_SERVICE_UNAVAILABLE = 503;
int SC_GATEWAY_TIMEOUT = 504;
int SC_HTTP_VERSION_NOT_SUPPORTED = 505;
2)常见应用
-
向浏览器输出消息(一直讲的都是)
-
下载文件
-
要获取下载文件的路径
-
下载的文件名是啥
-
设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西
-
获取下载文件的输入流
-
创建缓冲区
-
获取OutputStream对象
-
将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区
-
使用OutputStream将缓冲区中的数据输出到客户端
-
public class FileServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
// 1. 要获取下载文件的路径
String realPath = "D:\\NEU\\learn\\java\\maven\\javaweb-02-servlet\\response\\src\\main\\resources\\火影.jpg";
System.out.println("下载文件的路径: " + realPath);
// 2. 下载的文件名是啥
String filename = realPath.substring(realPath.lastIndexOf("\\") + 1);
// 3. 设置想办法让浏览器能够支持下载我们需要的东西(编码识别中文文件名)
resp.setHeader("Content-Disposition", "attachment;filename=" + URLEncoder.encode(filename, "utf-8"));
// 4. 获取下载文件的输入流
FileInputStream in = new FileInputStream(realPath);
// 5. 创建缓冲区
int len = 0;
byte[] buffer = new byte[1024];
// 6. 获取OutputStream对象
ServletOutputStream outputStream = resp.getOutputStream();
// 7. 将FileOutputStream流写入到buffer缓冲区
while ((len=in.read(buffer)) != -1){
outputStream.write(buffer, 0, len);
}
in.close();
outputStream.close();
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
3)验证码功能
验证码怎么来的?
- 前端实现
- 后端实现,需要用到java的图片类,生成一个图片
public class ImageServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
//如何让浏览器5s自动刷新一次
resp.setHeader("refresh", "3");
//在内存中创建一个图片
BufferedImage bufferedImage = new BufferedImage(80, 20, BufferedImage.TYPE_INT_RGB);
//得到图片(笔)
Graphics graphics = bufferedImage.getGraphics();
//设置图片的背景颜色
graphics.setColor(Color.WHITE);
graphics.fillRect(0, 0, 80, 20);
//给图片写数据
graphics.setColor(Color.BLUE);
graphics.setFont(new Font(null, Font.BOLD, 20));
graphics.drawString(makeNum(), 0, 20);
//告诉浏览器,这个请求用图片的方式打开
resp.setContentType("image/jpeg");
//网站存在缓存,不让浏览器缓存
resp.setDateHeader("expires", -1);
resp.setHeader("Cache-Control", "no-cache");
resp.setHeader("Pragma", "no-cache");
//把图片写给浏览器
ImageIO.write(bufferedImage, "jpg", resp.getOutputStream());
}
//生成随机数
private String makeNum(){
Random random = new Random();
String s = random.nextInt(99999999) + "";
StringBuffer sb = new StringBuffer();
for (int i = 0; i < 7-s.length(); i++) {
sb.append("0");
}
s = sb.toString() + s;
return s;
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
4)实现重定向(重要)
一个Web资源B收到客户端A请求后,B会通知客户端A去访问另外一个Web资源C,这个过程叫重定向
常见场景:用户登录
void sendRedirect(String var1) throws IOException;
<html>
<body>
<h2>Hello World!</h2>
<%--搜索jsp maven在maven页面中出现jsp--%>
<%--这里提交的路径,需要寻找到项目的路径--%>
<%--${pageContext.request.contextPath}代表当前的项目--%>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="get">
用户名:<input type="text" name="username"> <br>
密码:<input type="password" name="password"> <br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</body>
</html>
public class Request extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
/*重定向:
resp.setHeader("Location", "/r/image");
resp.setStatus(HttpServletResponse.SC_FOUND); 与302同
*/
System.out.println("进入这个请求了");
//处理请求
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
System.out.println(username + ":" + password);
//重定向的时候一定要注意路径问题,否则404
resp.sendRedirect("/r/success.jsp");
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
面试题:重定向和转发的区别
- 相同点
- 页面都会实现跳转
- 不同点
- 请求转发的时候,url不会产生变化;307
- 重定向的时候,url地址栏会发生变化;302
6.7 HttpServletRequest
HttpServletRequest代表客户端的请求,用户通过Http访问服务器,Http请求中的所有信息会被封装到HttpServletRequest,通过这个HttpServletRequest方法,获得客户端的所有信息
1)获取参数,请求转发
public class LoginServlet extends HttpServlet {
@Override
protected void doGet(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
resp.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
req.setCharacterEncoding("utf-8");
String username = req.getParameter("username");
String password = req.getParameter("password");
String[] hobbys = req.getParameterValues("hobbys");
//后台接收中文乱码问题
System.out.println("=================");
System.out.println(username);
System.out.println(password);
System.out.println(Arrays.toString(hobbys));
System.out.println("=================");
//通过请求转发,这里的/代表当前的web应用
req.getRequestDispatcher(req.getContextPath() + "/success.jsp").forward(req, resp);
}
@Override
protected void doPost(HttpServletRequest req, HttpServletResponse resp) throws ServletException, IOException {
doGet(req, resp);
}
}
<%@ page contentType="text/html;charset=UTF-8" language="java" %>
<html>
<head>
<title>Title</title>
</head>
<body>
<h1>登录</h1>
<div style="text-align: center">
<%--这里表单表示的意思:以post的方式提交表单,提交到我们的login请求--%>
<form action="${pageContext.request.contextPath}/login" method="post">
用户名: <input type="text" name="username"> <br>
密码: <input type="password" name="password"> <br>
爱好:
<input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="唱歌">唱歌
<input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="跳舞">跳舞
<input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="代码">代码
<input type="checkbox" name="hobby" value="电影">电影
<br>
<input type="submit">
</form>
</div>
</body>
</html>