the C programming language笔记<机械工业英文第2版>

最新推荐文章于 2019-05-23 13:01:00 发布
最新推荐文章于 2019-05-23 13:01:00 发布
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分类专栏： C 读书笔记 文章标签： c
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P16. int getchar()注意用 int 接收 getchar() 传回的值，也因为可能会传回EOF（这是个非字符常量）。

ghtP33. 无参数函数声明或定义是应在参数列表里注明 void 。如 int main(void)

P38. "hello," "world" 同 "hello,world"

P39. enum 类型支持编译时检查，因此常比用 #define 定义常量好些

P51. “in a two's complements number system, x&(x-1) deletes the rightmost 1-bit  in x”

P52. int n; float f; (n>0) ? f : n 会返回float类型。

P53. 运算符优先级和运算方向表。注意单目运算符都是在从右相左运算，还有?:和所有赋值类运算符。?:虽是从右相左，但不会 : 两边的都计算。

P53. 不要写出printf("%d %d", ++n, power(2, n)) 和 a[i]=i++ 这种奇怪的statement，"C, like most languages, does not specify the order in which the operands of an operator are evaluated."

P72. 函数同变量很相似，可以在函数内或结构体内声明。

P81. 文件外部声明，若是数组可以不声明大小。extern char str[ ];

P85. external和static变量初始化必须是常量表达式（可以是#define定义的常量，因为#define在编译最开始就被分析了；所以const常量不行）

P90. #define是用作字符串替换的，即替换之前不会做任何处理。# 可以将宏即刻扩展为字符串（有双引号）(#define dprint(str) printf(#str ": error")），## 连接两个宏（#define cat(front, rear) front##rear）。

P97. 指针和数组是不同的类型，虽然他们的很多操作相似和相同。声明数组时用的[ ]和表示数组地址时的[ ]也是不同的，第二个是操作符。

P122. 分析复杂声明。char (*(*x( ))[ ])( ); char (*(*x[3])())[5];

P149. 有关位域。struct st{int a:1; int b:2;};

P175. Example--An Implementation of fopen and getc.利用unix系统调用open creat read write实现带缓冲的文件读写。比较有意思的有P176和P178中stdin stdout stderr的定义，FILE结构体和_flag枚举类型的定义，用宏定义getc putc等。

P179. Example--Listing Directories.目录文件里保存了该目录下所有文件的inode和name。P180有目录结构体和inode的简单定义。

P185. Example--A Storage Allocator.利用unix系统调用sbrk()实现。首先是地址对齐问题（P185下），然后是header定义（地址对齐选了较苛刻的long），最后free实现中相邻空间合并的处理也有意思。

Appendix. A适合细看，B边看边试（有许多好用的函数），C浏览一下。

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The C Programming Language 第二版 英文版
01-12
The C programming Language 第二版英文版 內容列表 Table of Contents Preface.......................................................... Preface to the first edition..................................... Introduction..................................................... Chapter 1 - A Tutorial Introduction.............................. 1.1 Getting Started................................ 1.2 Variables and Arithmetic Expressions........... 1.3 The for statement.............................. 1.4 Symbolic Constants............................. 1.5 Character Input and Output..................... 1.5.1 File Copying.......................... 1.5.2 Character Counting.................... 1.5.3 Line Counting......................... 1.5.4 Word Counting......................... 1.6 Arrays......................................... 1.7 Functions...................................... 1.8 Arguments - Call by Value...................... 1.9 Character Arrays............................... 1.10 External Variables and Scope.................. Chapter 2 - Types, Operators and Expressions..................... 2.1 Variable Names................................. 2.2 Data Types and Sizes........................... 2.3 Constants...................................... 2.4 Declarations................................... 2.5 Arithmetic Operators........................... 2.6 Relational and Logical Operators............... 2.7 Type Conversions............................... 2.8 Increment and Decrement Operators.............. 2.9 Bitwise Operators.............................. 2.10 Assignment Operators and Expressions.......... 2.11 Conditional Expressions....................... 2.12 Precedence and Order of Evaluation............ Chapter 3 - Control Flow......................................... 3.1 Statements and Blocks.......................... 3.2 If-Else........................................ 3.3 Else-If........................................ 3.4 Switch......................................... 3.5 Loops - While and For.......................... 3.6 Loops - Do-While............................... 3.7 Break and Continue............................. 3.8 Goto and labels................................ Chapter 4 - Functions and Program Structure...................... 4.1 Basics of Functions............................ 4.2 Functions Returning Non-integers............... 4.3 External Variables............................. 4.4 Scope Rules.................................... 4.5 Header Files................................... 4.6 Static Variables................................ 4.7 Register Variables.............................. 4.8 Block Structure................................. 4.9 Initialization.................................. 4.10 Recursion...................................... 4.11 The C Preprocessor............................. 4.11.1 File Inclusion........................ 4.11.2 Macro Substitution.................... 4.11.3 Conditional Inclusion................. Chapter 5 - Pointers and Arrays.................................. 5.1 Pointers and Addresses......................... 5.2 Pointers and Function Arguments................ 5.3 Pointers and Arrays............................ 5.4 Address Arithmetic............................. 5.5 Character Pointers and Functions............... 5.6 Pointer Arrays; Pointers to Pointers........... 5.7 Multi-dimensional Arrays....................... 5.8 Initialization of Pointer Arrays............... 5.9 Pointers vs. Multi-dimensional Arrays.......... 5.10 Command-line Arguments........................ 5.11 Pointers to Functions......................... 5.12 Complicated Declarations...................... Chapter 6 - Structures........................................... 6.1 Basics of Structures........................... 6.2 Structures and Functions....................... 6.3 Arrays of Structures........................... 6.4 Pointers to Structures......................... 6.5 Self-referential Structures.................... 6.6 Table Lookup................................... 6.7 Typedef........................................ 6.8 Unions......................................... 6.9 Bit-fields..................................... Chapter 7 - Input and Output..................................... 7.1 Standard Input and Output....................... 7.2 Formatted Output - printf....................... 7.3 Variable-length Argument Lists.................. 7.4 Formatted Input - Scanf......................... 7.5 File Access..................................... 7.6 Error Handling - Stderr and Exit................ 7.7 Line Input and Output........................... 7.8 Miscellaneous Functions......................... 7.8.1 String Operations...................... 7.8.2 Character Class Testing and Conversion. 7.8.3 Ungetc................................. 7.8.4 Command Execution...................... 7.8.5 Storage Management..................... 7.8.6 Mathematical Functions................. 7.8.7 Random Number generation............... Chapter 8 - The UNIX System Interface............................ 8.1 File Descriptors............................... 8.2 Low Level I/O - Read and Write................. 8.3 Open, Creat, Close, Unlink..................... 8.4 Random Access - Lseek.......................... 8.5 Example - An implementation of Fopen and Getc.. 8.6 Example - Listing Directories.................. 8.7 Example - A Storage Allocator.................. Appendix A - Reference Manual.................................... A.1 Introduction................................... A.2 Lexical Conventions............................ A.2.1 Tokens................................ A.2.2 Comments.............................. A.2.3 Identifiers........................... A.2.4 Keywords.............................. A.2.5 Constants............................. A.2.6 String Literals....................... A.3 Syntax Notation................................ A.4 Meaning of Identifiers......................... A.4.1 Storage Class......................... A.4.2 Basic Types........................... A.4.3 Derived types......................... A.4.4 Type Qualifiers....................... A.5 Objects and Lvalues............................ A.6 Conversions.................................... A.6.1 Integral Promotion.................... A.6.2 Integral Conversions.................. A.6.3 Integer and Floating.................. A.6.4 Floating Types........................ A.6.5 Arithmetic Conversions................ A.6.6 Pointers and Integers................. A.6.7 Void.................................. A.6.8 Pointers to Void...................... A.7 Expressions.................................... A.7.1 Pointer Conversion.................... A.7.2 Primary Expressions................... A.7.3 Postfix Expressions................... A.7.4 Unary Operators....................... A.7.5 Casts................................. A.7.6 Multiplicative Operators.............. A.7.7 Additive Operators.................... A.7.8 Shift Operators....................... A.7.9 Relational Operators.................. A.7.10 Equality Operators................... A.7.11 Bitwise AND Operator................. A.7.12 Bitwise Exclusive OR Operator........ A.7.13 Bitwise Inclusive OR Operator........ A.7.14 Logical AND Operator................. A.7.15 Logical OR Operator.................. A.7.16 Conditional Operator................. A.7.17 Assignment Expressions............... A.7.18 Comma Operator.......................... A.7.19 Constant Expressions.................... A.8 Declarations..................................... A.8.1 Storage Class Specifiers................. A.8.2 Type Specifiers.......................... A.8.3 Structure and Union Declarations......... A.8.4 Enumerations............................. A.8.5 Declarators.............................. A.8.6 Meaning of Declarators................... A.8.7 Initialization........................... A.8.8 Type names............................... A.8.9 Typedef.................................. A.8.10 Type Equivalence........................ A.9 Statements....................................... A.9.1 Labeled Statements....................... A.9.2 Expression Statement..................... A.9.3 Compound Statement....................... A.9.4 Selection Statements..................... A.9.5 Iteration Statements..................... A.9.6 Jump statements.......................... A.10 External Declarations........................... A.10.1 Function Definitions.................... A.10.2 External Declarations................... A.11 Scope and Linkage............................... A.11.1 Lexical Scope........................... A.11.2 Linkage................................. A.12 Preprocessing................................... A.12.1 Trigraph Sequences...................... A.12.2 Line Splicing........................... A.12.3 Macro Definition and Expansion.......... A.12.4 File Inclusion.......................... A.12.5 Conditional Compilation................. A.12.6 Line Control............................ A.12.7 Error Generation........................ A.12.8 Pragmas................................. A.12.9 Null directive.......................... A.12.10 Predefined names....................... A.13 Grammar......................................... Appendix B - Standard Library.................................... B.1.1 File Operations................................ B.1.2 Formatted Output......................... B.1.3 Formatted Input.......................... B.1.4 Character Input and Output Functions..... B.1.5 Direct Input and Output Functions........ B.1.6 File Positioning Functions............... B.1.7 Error Functions.......................... B.2 Character Class Tests: ................. B.3 String Functions: ..................... B.4 Mathematical Functions: ................. B.5 Utility Functions: ....................
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