mysql的DML与DCL操作

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最新推荐文章于 2023-06-29 22:09:40 发布

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分类专栏： MySQL 文章标签： mysql 数据库

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mysql的DML与DCL操作

文章目录

DML操作

INSERT语句

//DML操作之增操作insert
mysql> use runtime;
Reading table information for completion of table and column names
You can turn off this feature to get a quicker startup with -A

Database changed
mysql> insert into nanhu (id,name,age) values (1,'black',19),(2,'duck',20),(3,'orge',21)
    -> ;
Query OK, 3 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 3  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from nanhu;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | black |   19 |
|  2 | duck  |   20 |
|  3 | orge  |   21 |
+----+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

SELECT语句

字段column表示法

表示符	代表什么？
*	所有字段
as	字段别名，如col1 AS alias1当表名很长时用别名代替

条件判断语句WHERE

操作类型	常用操作符
操作符	>，<，>=，<=，=，!= BETWEEN column# AND column# LIKE：模糊匹配 RLIKE：基于正则表达式进行模式匹配 IS NOT NULL：非空 IS NULL：空
条件逻辑操作	AND OR NOT

ORDER BY：排序，默认为升序（ASC）

ORDER BY语句	意义
ORDER BY ‘column_name’	根据column_name进行升序排序
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ DESC	根据column_name进行降序排序
ORDER BY ’column_name’ LIMIT 2	根据column_name进行升序排序并只取前2个结果
ORDER BY ‘column_name’ LIMIT 1,2	根据column_name进行升序排序并且略过第1个结果取后面的2个结果

//DML操作之查操作select
mysql> use runtime;
Database changed
mysql> select * from nanhu;  //显示nanhu表信息
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | black |   19 |
|  2 | duck  |   20 |
|  3 | orge  |   21 |
+----+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select name from nanhu;  //查看nanhu表的name字段
+-------+
| name  |
+-------+
| black |
| duck  |
| orge  |
+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from nanhu order by id;  //nanhu表id以升序排序显示
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | black |   19 |
|  2 | duck  |   20 |
|  3 | orge  |   21 |
+----+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from nanhu order by id desc;  //nanhu表id以降序排序显示
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  3 | orge  |   21 |
|  2 | duck  |   20 |
|  1 | black |   19 |
+----+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from nanhu order by id limit 2;  //升序显示前两个结果
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | black |   19 |
|  2 | duck  |   20 |
+----+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from nanhu order by id limit 1,2; //升序排序跳过1取后两个
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  2 | duck |   20 |
|  3 | orge |   21 |
+----+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from nanhu where age >= 20;  //查看年龄大于等于20
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  2 | duck |   20 |
|  3 | orge |   21 |
+----+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//查找年龄大于等于20且叫duck的
mysql> select * from nanhu where age >= 20 and name = 'duck';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  2 | duck |   20 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

//查找年纪在19到20之间的
mysql> select * from nanhu where age between 19 and 21;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | black |   19 |
|  2 | duck  |   20 |
|  3 | orge  |   21 |
+----+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from nanhu where age is not null; //查找年龄不是空的
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | black |   19 |
|  2 | duck  |   20 |
|  3 | orge  |   21 |
+----+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from nanhu where age is null;  //查找年龄是空的
Empty set (0.00 sec)

update语句

//DML操作之改操作update
mysql> select * from nanhu;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | black |   19 |
|  2 | duck  |   20 |
|  3 | orge  |   21 |
+----+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> update nanhu set age = 22 where name = 'orge';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

mysql> select * from nanhu where name = 'orge';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  3 | orge |   22 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

delete语句

//DML操作之删操作delete
//删除某条记录
mysql> select * from nanhu;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | black |   19 |
|  2 | duck  |   20 |
|  3 | orge  |   22 |
+----+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> delete from nanhu where id = 3;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from nanhu;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | black |   19 |
|  2 | duck  |   20 |
+----+-------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//删除整张表的内容
mysql> delete from nanhu;
Query OK, 2 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> select * from nanhu;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc nanhu;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(2)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

truncate语句

truncate与delete的区别：

语句类型	特点
delete	DELETE删除表内容时仅删除内容，但会保留表结构 DELETE语句每次删除一行，并在事务日志中为所删除的每行记录一项可以通过回滚事务日志恢复数据非常占用空间
truncate	删除表中所有数据，且无法恢复表结构、约束和索引等保持不变，新添加的行计数值重置为初始值执行速度比DELETE快，且使用的系统和事务日志资源少通过释放存储表数据所用的数据页来删除数据，并且只在事务日志中记录页的释放对于有外键约束引用的表，不能使用TRUNCATE TABLE删除数据不能用于加入了索引视图的表

语句类型

特点

delete

DELETE删除表内容时仅删除内容，但会保留表结构
DELETE语句每次删除一行，
并在事务日志中为所删除的每行记录一项
可以通过回滚事务日志恢复数据
非常占用空间

truncate

删除表中所有数据，且无法恢复
表结构、约束和索引等保持不变，新添加的行计数值重置为初始值
执行速度比DELETE快，且使用的系统和事务日志资源少
通过释放存储表数据所用的数据页来删除数据，
并且只在事务日志中记录页的释放
对于有外键约束引用的表，不能使用TRUNCATE TABLE删除数据不能用于加入了索引视图的表

//语法：TRUNCATE table_name;

mysql> select * from nanhu;
+----+-------+------+
| id | name  | age  |
+----+-------+------+
|  1 | black |   19 |
|  2 | duck  |   20 |
|  3 | orge  |   21 |
+----+-------+------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> truncate nanhu;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)

mysql> select * from nanhu;
Empty set (0.00 sec)

mysql> desc nanhu;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |       |
| age   | tinyint(2)   | YES  |     | NULL    |       |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)

DCL操作

创建授权grant

权限类型(priv_type)

权限类型	代表什么？
ALL	所有权限
SELECT	读取内容的权限
NSERT	插入内容的权限
UPDATE	更新内容的权限
DELETE	删除内容的权限

指定要操作的对象db_name.table_name

表示方式	意义
* . *	所有库的所有表
db_name	指定库的所有表
db_name.table_name	指定库的指定表

WITH GRANT OPTION：被授权的用户可将自己的权限副本转赠给其他用户，说白点就是将自己的权限完全复制给另一个用户。不建议使用。

//授权dog用户在数据库本机上登录访问所有数据库
mysql> create user 'dog'@'localhost' identified by '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'dog'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'dog'@'127.0.0.1' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

//授权dog用户在192.168.159.162上远程登录访问nanhu数据库
mysql> GRANT ALL ON nanhu.* TO 'dog'@'192.168.159.162' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec))

//授权dog用户在所有位置上远程登录访问nanhu数据库
mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'dog'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY '123456';
Query OK, 0 rows affected, 1 warning (0.00 sec)

查看授权

//查看当前登录用户的授权信息
mysql> show grants;
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for root@localhost                                           |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
| GRANT PROXY ON ''@'' TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION        |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)

//查看指定用户wangqing的授权信息
mysql> show grants for dog;
+------------------------------------------+
| Grants for dog@%                         |
+------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'dog'@'%' |
+------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show grants for 'dog'@'localhost';
+--------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for dog@localhost                         |
+--------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'dog'@'localhost' |
+--------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

mysql> show grants for 'dog'@'127.0.0.1';
+--------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for dog@127.0.0.1                         |
+--------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'dog'@'127.0.0.1' |
+--------------------------------------------------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)

用navicat测试连接

虚拟机mysql中查看

mysql> select * from nanhu;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  1 | zs   |   12 |
|  2 | dg   |   13 |
|  3 | ss   |   14 |
+----+------+------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)

取消授权REVOKE

//语法：REVOKE priv_type,... ON db_name.table_name FROM 'username'@'host';

mysql> REVOKE ALL ON *.* FROM 'dog'@'192.168.159.162';
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

mysql> flush privileges;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)

注意：mysql服务进程启动时会读取mysql库中的所有授权表至内存中：

GRANT或REVOKE等执行权限操作会保存于表中，mysql的服务进程会自动重读授权表，并更新至内存中
对于不能够或不能及时重读授权表的命令，可手动让mysql的服务进程重读授权表

mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;

实战案例

1.搭建mysql服务

[root@192 ~]# yum -y install mariadb*
[root@192 ~]# systemctl start mariadb.service 
[root@192 ~]# systemctl enable mariadb
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysql.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/mysqld.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
Created symlink /etc/systemd/system/multi-user.target.wants/mariadb.service → /usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service.
[root@192 ~]# systemctl status mariadb.service 
● mariadb.service - MariaDB 10.3 database server
   Loaded: loaded (/usr/lib/systemd/system/mariadb.service; enabled; vendor preset: disa>
   Active: active (running) since Tue 2022-07-26 15:42:04 CST; 48s ago
     Docs: man:mysqld(8)
           https://mariadb.com/kb/en/library/systemd/
 Main PID: 8389 (mysqld)
   Status: "Taking your SQL requests now..."
    Tasks: 30 (limit: 11217)
   Memory: 82.4M
   CGroup: /system.slice/mariadb.service
           └─8389 /usr/libexec/mysqld --basedir=/usr

Jul 26 15:42:03 192.168.159.162 mysql-prepare-db-dir[8286]: MySQL manual for more instru>
Jul 26 15:42:03 192.168.159.162 mysql-prepare-db-dir[8286]: Please report any problems a>
Jul 26 15:42:03 192.168.159.162 mysql-prepare-db-dir[8286]: The latest information about>
Jul 26 15:42:03 192.168.159.162 mysql-prepare-db-dir[8286]: You can find additional info>
Jul 26 15:42:03 192.168.159.162 mysql-prepare-db-dir[8286]: http://dev.mysql.com
Jul 26 15:42:03 192.168.159.162 mysql-prepare-db-dir[8286]: Consider joining MariaDB's s>
Jul 26 15:42:03 192.168.159.162 mysql-prepare-db-dir[8286]: https://mariadb.org/get-invo>
Jul 26 15:42:03 192.168.159.162 mysqld[8389]: 2022-07-26 15:42:03 0 [Note] /usr/libexec/>
Jul 26 15:42:03 192.168.159.162 mysqld[8389]: 2022-07-26 15:42:03 0 [ERROR] WSREP: rsync>
Jul 26 15:42:04 192.168.159.162 systemd[1]: Started MariaDB 10.3 database server.

2.创建一个以你名字为名的数据库，并创建一张表student，该表包含三个字段（id，name，age），表结构如下：

mysql> desc student;
±------±-------------±-----±----±--------±---------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
±------±-------------±-----±----±--------±---------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(100) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | |
±------±-------------±-----±----±--------±---------------+

MariaDB [(none)]> create database zjq;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database           |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql              |
| performance_schema |
| zjq                |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [(none)]> use zjq;
Database changed
MariaDB [zjq]> create table student(id int(11)  primary key auto_increment,name varchar(100) not null,age tinyint(4))
    -> ;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.007 sec)

MariaDB [zjq]> desc student;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type         | Null | Key | Default | Extra          |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id    | int(11)      | NO   | PRI | NULL    | auto_increment |
| name  | varchar(100) | NO   |     | NULL    |                |
| age   | tinyint(4)   | YES  |     | NULL    |                |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
3 rows in set (0.001 sec)

3.查看下该新建的表有无内容（用select语句）

MariaDB [zjq]> select * from student;
Empty set (0.000 sec)

4.往新建的student表中插入数据（用insert语句），结果应如下所示：

±—±------------±-----+
| id | name | age |
±—±------------±-----+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | wangqing | 25 |
| 4 | sean | 28 |
| 5 | zhangshan | 26 |
| 6 | zhangshan | 20 |
| 7 | lisi | NULL |
| 8 | chenshuo | 10 |
| 9 | wangwu | 3 |
| 10 | qiuyi | 15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian | 20 |
±—±------------±-----+

MariaDB [zjq]> insert into student (name,age) values('tom',20),('jerry',23),('wangqing',25),('sean',28),('zhangshan',26),('zhangsan',20),('lisi',null),('chenshuo',10),('wangwu',3),('qiuyi',15),('qiuxiaotian',20);
Query OK, 11 rows affected (0.002 sec)
Records: 11  Duplicates: 0  Warnings: 0

MariaDB [zjq]> select * from student;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
|  7 | lisi        | NULL |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |    3 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.001 sec)

5.修改lisi的年龄为50

MariaDB [zjq]> update student set age = 50 where name = 'lisi';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.003 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

MariaDB [zjq]> select * from student where name = 'lisi';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age  |
+----+------+------+
|  7 | lisi |   50 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.001 sec)

6.以age字段降序排序

MariaDB [zjq]> select * from student order by age desc;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |    3 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.001 sec)

7.查询student表中年龄最小的3位同学跳过前2位

MariaDB [zjq]> select * from student order by age desc;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |    3 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [zjq]> select * from student order by age limit 2,3;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
3 rows in set (0.001 sec)

8.查询student表中年龄最大的4位同学

MariaDB [zjq]> select * from student order by age desc limit 4;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  7 | lisi      |   50 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
+----+-----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)

9.查询student表中名字叫zhangshan的记录

MariaDB [zjq]> select * from student where name = 'zhangshan';
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.001 sec)

10.查询student表中名字叫zhangshan且年龄大于20岁的记录

MariaDB [zjq]> select * from student where name = 'zhangshan' and age > 20;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.001 sec)

11.查询student表中年龄在23到30之间的记录

MariaDB [zjq]> select * from student where  age between  23 and 30;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name      | age  |
+----+-----------+------+
|  2 | jerry     |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing  |   25 |
|  4 | sean      |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan |   26 |
+----+-----------+------+
4 rows in set (0.000 sec)

12.修改wangwu的年龄为100

MariaDB [zjq]> update student set age = 100 where name = 'wangwu';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.002 sec)
Rows matched: 1  Changed: 1  Warnings: 0

MariaDB [zjq]> select * from student;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |  100 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.000 sec)

13.删除student中名字叫zhangshan且年龄小于等于20的记录

MariaDB [zjq]> select * from student;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  6 | zhangshan   |   20 |
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |  100 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [zjq]> delete from student where name = 'zhangshan' and age <= 20;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [zjq]> select * from student;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |  100 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.001 sec)
0 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.000 sec)

MariaDB [zjq]> delete from student where name = 'zhangshan' and age <= 20;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.001 sec)

MariaDB [zjq]> select * from student;
+----+-------------+------+
| id | name        | age  |
+----+-------------+------+
|  1 | tom         |   20 |
|  2 | jerry       |   23 |
|  3 | wangqing    |   25 |
|  4 | sean        |   28 |
|  5 | zhangshan   |   26 |
|  7 | lisi        |   50 |
|  8 | chenshuo    |   10 |
|  9 | wangwu      |  100 |
| 10 | qiuyi       |   15 |
| 11 | qiuxiaotian |   20 |
+----+-------------+------+
11 rows in set (0.001 sec)