类

一.类的定义

1.通过句点法直接调用

class Person:
        varl = '最开始在中的'
    print(Person.varl)
    print('===='*15)
    Person.val2 = '后来在类中的'
    print(Person.val2)

    class Person:
        varl = '最开始在中的'
    print(Person.varl)
    print('===='*15)
    Person.val2 = '后来在类中的'
    print(Person.val2)

eg:这个val2虽然只是后加的但是他已经在类内了

2.通过实例化调用

p = Person()
print(p.varl)
print(p.val2)

p = Person()
print(p.varl)
print(p.val2)

3.实例化和类引用之间的区别

class Person:
    pass
one = Person()
two = Person()
one.val = 'zxc最帅'
print(one.val)
print('++++'*15)
print(Person.val)
print('++++'*15)
print(two.val)

class Person:
    pass
one = Person()
two = Person()
one.val = 'zxc最帅'
print(one.val)
print('++++'*15)
print(Person.val)
print('++++'*15)
print(two.val)

很明显，类下的是属性，每个实例化的都是特性，实例对象可以访问类下的变量，反之不可以！！！！

二.类的属性

1. 初始化__init__语句

class Cat:
    def __init__(self, color, food):
        self.color = color
        self.food = food


kitty = Cat("xiaohuang", "milk")
print(kitty.color, kitty.food)

class Cat:
    def __init__(self, color, food):
        self.color = color
        self.food = food


kitty = Cat("xiaohuang", "milk")
print(kitty.color, kitty.food)

2.封装（就是把封装到self中）

class Cat:
    def __init__(self, color, food):
        self.color = color
        self.food = food
    def print_cat(self):
        print("{}-{}".format(self.color, self.food))


kitty = Cat("xiaohuang", "milk")
kitty.print_cat()

class Cat:
    def __init__(self, color, food):
        self.color = color
        self.food = food
    def print_cat(self):
        print("{}-{}".format(self.color, self.food))


kitty = Cat("xiaohuang", "milk")
kitty.print_cat()

通过self可以把所有的属性放在一起，而且，所有类下的函数都可以调用self

3.私有属性

1.self._sth #这个是外不可访问的私有属性

2.self.__sth #这个是外部不可以访问的私有属性

class Cat:
    def __init__(self, color, food, name):
        self.color = color
        self.food = food
        self.__name = name
    def print_cat(self):
        print("{}-{}-{}".format(self.color, self.food, self.__name))


kitty = Cat("xiaohuang", "milk", "lalal")
kitty.print_cat()

class Cat:
    def __init__(self, color, food, name):
        self.color = color
        self.food = food
        self.__name = name
    def print_cat(self):
        print("{}-{}-{}".format(self.color, self.food, self.__name))


kitty = Cat("xiaohuang", "milk", "lalal")
kitty.print_cat()

两个_这里只能由类内的方法来调用，外部函数都不可以，同时外面直接调用也不行

3.不仅属性可以私有化，方法也可以，但是只能通过，方法调用方法,也就是都只能用self调用

class Cat:
    def __init__(self, color, food, name):
        self.color = color
        self.food = food
        self.__name = name
    def print_cat(self):
        print("{}-{}-{}".format(self.color, self.food, self.__name))
    def use(self):
        return self.__getname()
    def __getname(self):
        return "我是私有函数"


kitty = Cat("xiaohuang", "milk", "lalal")
print(kitty.use())

class Cat:
    def __init__(self, color, food, name):
        self.color = color
        self.food = food
        self.__name = name
    def print_cat(self):
        print("{}-{}-{}".format(self.color, self.food, self.__name))
    def use(self):
        return self.__getname()
    def __getname(self):
        return "我是私有函数"


kitty = Cat("xiaohuang", "milk", "lalal")
print(kitty.use())

三.类的继承

3.1 单继承

class Animal:
    def __init__(self, color, food, name):
        self.color = color
        self.food = food
        self.name = name

    def print_(self):
        print("{}-{}".format(self.color, self.food))

class Cat(Animal):
    def __init__(self, color, food):
        self.color = color
        self.food = food

kitty = Cat("xiaohuang", "milk")
kitty.print_()

class Animal:
    def __init__(self, color, food, name):
        self.color = color
        self.food = food
        self.name = name

    def print_(self):
        print("{}-{}".format(self.color, self.food))

class Cat(Animal):
    def __init__(self, color, food):
        self.color = color
        self.food = food

kitty = Cat("xiaohuang", "milk")
kitty.print_()

这里的要强调的是初始化的话，会直接使用子类的，不会调用父类的初始化，但是如果没有就会调用父类的，而其他的都是先用自己的，之后才会调用父类，但是可以直接用父类的方法，如果出现重名的话，不会报错，但是会先用子类的再用父类的，下面是实例

class Animal:

    def print_(self):
        print("父类")


class Cat(Animal):
    def __init__(self, color,name):
        self.color = color
        self.name = name

    def print_(self):
        print("子类")

kitty = Cat("xiaohuang", "milk")
kitty.print_()

class Animal:

    def print_(self):
        print("父类")


class Cat(Animal):
    def __init__(self, color,name):
        self.color = color
        self.name = name

    def print_(self):
        print("子类")

kitty = Cat("xiaohuang", "milk")
kitty.print_()

3.2多继承

1.主要是顺序问题

3.3继承的加强版（子类的方法通过调用父类的方法嵌套）

class A:
    def run(self):
        print("A")


class D(A):
    def run(self):
        A.run(self)
        print("D")


D = D()
D.run()

class A:
    def run(self):
        print("A")


class D(A):
    def run(self):
        A.run(self)
        print("D")


D = D()
D.run()

3.4还可以通过super().加函数名来调用

class A:
    def run(self):
        print("A")


class B:
    def run(self):
        print("B")


class D(B,A):
    def run(self):
        super().run()
        print("D")


D = D()
D.run()

class A:
    def run(self):
        print("A")


class B:
    def run(self):
        print("B")


class D(B,A):
    def run(self):
        super().run()
        print("D")


D = D()
D.run()

这里的调用遵从多继承规则，也能更方便的找到对应函数

3.5通过D.__bases__和D.mro()查看继承关系

print(D.__bases__)
print(D.mro())

前一个是查看继承的类，后一个是查看所有的继承关系

四.类的魔术方法

1.__add__方法（底层方法）

class Test:
    def __init__(self, num):
        self.num = num

    def __add__(self, other):
        # res = self.num + other.num
        print("lalal")


a = Test(66)
b = Test(88)

a + b

class Test:
    def __init__(self, num):
        self.num = num

    def __add__(self, other):
        # res = self.num + other.num
        print("lalal")


a = Test(66)
b = Test(88)

a + b

通过输入a + b自动调用方法

2.__str__和__repr__方法

class Test:
    def __str__(self):
        return "__str__方法"

    def __repr__(self):
        return "__repr__方法"


a = Test()
print(a)

class Test:
    def __str__(self):
        return "__str__方法"

    def __repr__(self):
        return "__repr__方法"


a = Test()
print(a)

如果没有这两种方法就返回地址，而且str优先级高，其次repr

3.call,dict,doc,class等魔术方法

class Test:
    '''
    啦啦啦
    '''

    def __init__(self, num):
        self.num = num

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("ok")


a = Test(66)
a()

print(a.__class__)  # <class '__main__.Test'>
print(a.__dict__)  # {'num': 66}
print(a.__doc__)  # 查看文档

class Test:
    '''
    啦啦啦
    '''

    def __init__(self, num):
        self.num = num

    def __call__(self, *args, **kwargs):
        print("ok")


a = Test(66)
a()

print(a.__class__)  # <class '__main__.Test'>
print(a.__dict__)  # {'num': 66}
print(a.__doc__)  # 查看文档