背景：
平常我们使用 hive或者 mysql时，一般聚合函数用的比较多。但对于某些偏分析的需求，group by可能很费力，子查询很多，这个时候就需要使用窗口分析函数了
注：hive、oracle提供开窗函数，mysql8之前版本不提供，但MySQL 8.0版本支持窗口函数（over）和公用表表达式（with）这两个重要的功能！
Oracle参照《Oracle分析函数整理（窗口函数）》
版本：Hive 1.1.0 + cdh5.13.0
一、介绍
分析函数用于计算基于组的某种聚合值，它和聚合函数的不同之处是：对于每个组返回多行，而聚合函数对于每个组只返回一行。
开窗函数指定了分析函数工作的数据窗口大小，这个数据窗口大小可能会随着行的变化而变化！到底什么是数据窗口？后面举例会详细讲到！
1. 基础结构：
分析函数（如:sum(),max(),row_number()...） + 窗口子句（over函数）
2. over函数写法：
over（partition by cookieid order by createtime） 先根据cookieid字段分区，相同的cookieid分为一区，每个分区内根据createtime字段排序（默认升序）
注：不加 partition by 的话则把整个数据集当作一个分区，不加 order by的话会对某些函数统计结果产生影响，如sum()
3.【案例】
(1)测试数据：
测试表test1只有三个字段 cookieid、createtime、pv
SELECT cookieid,createtime,pv,
-- 默认为从起点到当前行
SUM(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime) AS pv1,
--从起点到当前行，结果同pv1
SUM(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN UNBOUNDED PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS pv2,
--当前行+往前3行
SUM(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND CURRENT ROW) AS pv3,
--当前行+往前3行+往后1行
SUM(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN 3 PRECEDING AND 1 FOLLOWING) AS pv4,
---当前行+往后所有行
SUM(pv) OVER(PARTITION BY cookieid ORDER BY createtime ROWS BETWEEN CURRENT ROW AND UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING) AS pv5
FROM test1;
结果
cookieid createtime pv pv1 pv2 pv3 pv4 pv5
a 2017-12-01 3 3 3 3 3 3
b 2017-12-00 3 3 3 3 3 3
cookie1 2017-12-10 1 1 1 1 6 26
cookie1 2017-12-11 5 6 6 6 13 25
cookie1 2017-12-12 7 13 13 13 16 20
cookie1 2017-12-13 3 16 16 16 18 13
cookie1 2017-12-14 2 18 18 17 21 10
cookie1 2017-12-15 4 22 22 16 20 8
cookie1 2017-12-16 4 26 26 13 13 4
cookie2 2017-12-12 7 7 7 7 13 14
cookie2 2017-12-16 6 13 13 13 14 7
cookie2 2017-12-24 1 14 14 14 14 1
cookie3 2017-12-22 5 5 5 5 5 5
注：这些窗口的划分都是在分区内部！超过分区大小就无效了
相信大家看了后就会明白，如果不指定ROWS BETWEEN,默认统计窗口为从起点到当前行;如果不指定ORDER BY，则将分组内所有值累加;
关键是理解 ROWS BETWEEN 含义,也叫做window子句：
PRECEDING：往前
FOLLOWING：往后
CURRENT ROW：当前行
UNBOUNDED：无边界，
UNBOUNDED PRECEDING 表示从最前面的起点开始，
UNBOUNDED FOLLOWING：表示到最后面的终点
–其他AVG，MIN，MAX，和SUM用法一样
使用案例
测试数据
- 建表
create table student_scores(
id int,
studentId int,
language int,
math int,
english int,
classId string,
departmentId string
);
-- 写入数据
insert into table student_scores values
(1,111,68,69,90,'class1','department1'),
(2,112,73,80,96,'class1','department1'),
(3,113,90,74,75,'class1','department1'),
(4,114,89,94,93,'class1','department1'),
(5,115,99,93,89,'class1','department1'),
(6,121,96,74,79,'class2','department1'),
(7,122,89,86,85,'class2','department1'),
(8,123,70,78,61,'class2','department1'),
(9,124,76,70,76,'class2','department1'),
(10,211,89,93,60,'class1','department2'),
(11,212,76,83,75,'class1','department2'),
(12,213,71,94,90,'class1','department2'),
(13,214,94,94,66,'class1','department2'),
(14,215,84,82,73,'class1','department2'),
(15,216,85,74,93,'class1','department2'),
(16,221,77,99,61,'class2','department2'),
(17,222,80,78,96,'class2','department2'),
(18,223,79,74,96,'class2','department2'),
(19,224,75,80,78,'class2','department2'),
(20,225,82,85,63,'class2','department2');
1.聚合开窗
count
select studentId,math,departmentId,classId,
-- 以符合条件的所有行作为窗口
count(math) over() as count1,
-- 以按classId分组的所有行作为窗口
count(math) over(partition by classId) as count2,
-- 以按classId分组、按math排序的所有行作为窗口
count(math) over(partition by classId order by math) as count3,
-- 以按classId分组、按math排序、按 当前行+往前1行+往后2行的行作为窗口
count(math) over(partition by classId order by math
rows between 1 preceding and 2 following) as count4
from student_scores where departmentId='department1';
结果
studentid math departmentid classid count1 count2 count3 count4
111 69 department1 class1 9 5 1 3
113 74 department1 class1 9 5 2 4
112 80 department1 class1 9 5 3 4
115 93 department1 class1 9 5 4 3
114 94 department1 class1 9 5 5 2
124 70 department1 class2 9 4 1 3
121 74 department1 class2 9 4 2 4
123 78 department1 class2 9 4 3 3
122 86 department1 class2 9 4 4 2
结果解释:
studentid=115,count1为所有的行数9,
count2为分区class1中的行数5,
count3为分区class1中math值<=93的行数4,
count4为分区class1中math值向前+1行向后+2行(实际只有1行)的总行数3。
-- sum开窗函数
select studentId,math,departmentId,classId,
-- 以符合条件的所有行作为窗口
sum(math) over() as sum1,
-- 以按classId分组的所有行作为窗口
sum(math) over(partition by classId) as sum2,
-- 以按classId分组、按math排序后、按到当前行(含当前行)的所有行作为窗口
sum(math) over(partition by classId order by math) as sum3,
-- 以按classId分组、按math排序后、按当前行+往前1行+往后2行的行作为窗口
sum(math) over(partition by classId order by math
rows between 1 preceding and 2 following) as sum4
from student_scores where departmentId='department1';
结果
studentid math departmentid classid sum1 sum2 sum3 sum4
111 69 department1 class1 718 410 69 223
113 74 department1 class1 718 410 143 316
112 80 department1 class1 718 410 223 341
115 93 department1 class1 718 410 316 267
114 94 department1 class1 718 410 410 187
124 70 department1 class2 718 308 70 222
121 74 department1 class2 718 308 144 308
123 78 department1 class2 718 308 222 238
122 86 department1 class2 718 308 308 164
结果解释:
同count开窗函数
-- min 开窗函数
select studentId,math,departmentId,classId,
-- 以符合条件的所有行作为窗口
min(math) over() as min1,
-- 以按classId分组的所有行作为窗口
min(math) over(partition by classId) as min2,
-- 以按classId分组、按math排序后、按到当前行(含当前行)的所有行作为窗口
min(math) over(partition by classId order by math) as min3,
-- 以按classId分组、按math排序后、按当前行+往前1行+往后2行的行作为窗口
min(math) over(partition by classId order by math
rows between 1 preceding and 2 following) as min4
from student_scores where departmentId='department1';
结果
studentid math departmentid classid min1 min2 min3 min4
111 69 department1 class1 69 69 69 69
113 74 department1 class1 69 69 69 69
112 80 department1 class1 69 69 69 74
115 93 department1 class1 69 69 69 80
114 94 department1 class1 69 69 69 93
124 70 department1 class2 69 70 70 70
121 74 department1 class2 69 70 70 70
123 78 department1 class2 69 70 70 74
122 86 department1 class2 69 70 70 78
结果解释:
同count开窗函数
-- max 开窗函数
select studentId,math,departmentId,classId,
-- 以符合条件的所有行作为窗口
max(math) over() as max1,
-- 以按classId分组的所有行作为窗口
max(math) over(partition by classId) as max2,
-- 以按classId分组、按math排序后、按到当前行(含当前行)的所有行作为窗口
max(math) over(partition by classId order by math) as max3,
-- 以按classId分组、按math排序后、按当前行+往前1行+往后2行的行作为窗口
max(math) over(partition by classId order by math
rows between 1 preceding and 2 following) as max4
from student_scores where departmentId='department1';
结果
studentid math departmentid classid max1 max2 max3 max4
111 69 department1 class1 94 94 69 80
113 74 department1 class1 94 94 74 93
112 80 department1 class1 94 94 80 94
115 93 department1 class1 94 94 93 94
114 94 department1 class1 94 94 94 94
124 70 department1 class2 94 86 70 78
121 74 department1 class2 94 86 74 86
123 78 department1 class2 94 86 78 86
122 86 department1 class2 94 86 86 86
结果解释:
同count开窗函数
-- avg 开窗函数
select studentId,math,departmentId,classId,
-- 以符合条件的所有行作为窗口
avg(math) over() as avg1,
-- 以按classId分组的所有行作为窗口
avg(math) over(partition by classId) as avg2,
-- 以按classId分组、按math排序后、按到当前行(含当前行)的所有行作为窗口
avg(math) over(partition by classId order by math) as avg3,
-- 以按classId分组、按math排序后、按当前行+往前1行+往后2行的行作为窗口
avg(math) over(partition by classId order by math
rows between 1 preceding and 2 following) as avg4
from student_scores where departmentId='department1';
结果
studentid math departmentid classid avg1 avg2 avg3 avg4
111 69 department1 class1 79.77777777777777 82.0 69.0 74.33333333333333
113 74 department1 class1 79.77777777777777 82.0 71.5 79.0
112 80 department1 class1 79.77777777777777 82.0 74.33333333333333 85.25
115 93 department1 class1 79.77777777777777 82.0 79.0 89.0
114 94 department1 class1 79.77777777777777 82.0 82.0 93.5
124 70 department1 class2 79.77777777777777 77.0 70.0 74.0
121 74 department1 class2 79.77777777777777 77.0 72.0 77.0
123 78 department1 class2 79.77777777777777 77.0 74.0 79.33333333333333
122 86 department1 class2 79.77777777777777 77.0 77.0 82.0
结果解释:
同count开窗函数
first_value
-- first_value 开窗函数
select studentId,math,departmentId,classId,
-- 以符合条件的所有行作为窗口
first_value(math) over() as first_value1,
-- 以按classId分组的所有行作为窗口
first_value(math) over(partition by classId) as first_value2,
-- 以按classId分组、按math排序后、按到当前行(含当前行)的所有行作为窗口
first_value(math) over(partition by classId order by math) as first_value3,
-- 以按classId分组、按math排序后、按当前行+往前1行+往后2行的行作为窗口
first_value(math) over(partition by classId order by math
rows between 1 preceding and 2 following) as first_value4
from student_scores where departmentId='department1';
结果
studentid math departmentid classid first_value1 first_value2 first_value3 first_value4
111 69 department1 class1 69 69 69 69
113 74 department1 class1 69 69 69 69
112 80 department1 class1 69 69 69 74
115 93 department1 class1 69 69 69 80
114 94 department1 class1 69 69 69 93
124 70 department1 class2 69 74 70 70
121 74 department1 class2 69 74 70 70
123 78 department1 class2 69 74 70 74
122 86 department1 class2 69 74 70 78
结果解释:
studentid=124 first_value1:第一个值是69,
first_value2:classId=class1分区 math的第一个值是69。
last_value
-- last_value 开窗函数
select studentId,math,departmentId,classId,
-- 以符合条件的所有行作为窗口
last_value(math) over() as last_value1,
-- 以按classId分组的所有行作为窗口
last_value(math) over(partition by classId) as last_value2,
-- 以按classId分组、按math排序后、按到当前行(含当前行)的所有行作为窗口
last_value(math) over(partition by classId order by math) as last_value3,
-- 以按classId分组、按math排序后、按当前行+往前1行+往后2行的行作为窗口
last_value(math) over(partition by classId order by math
rows between 1 preceding and 2 following) as last_value4
from student_scores where departmentId='department1';
结果
studentid math departmentid classid last_value1 last_value2 last_value3 last_value4
111 69 department1 class1 70 93 69 80
113 74 department1 class1 70 93 74 93
112 80 department1 class1 70 93 80 94
115 93 department1 class1 70 93 93 94
114 94 department1 class1 70 93 94 94
124 70 department1 class2 70 70 70 78
121 74 department1 class2 70 70 74 86
123 78 department1 class2 70 70 78 86
122 86 department1 class2 70 70 86 86
lag
lag(col,n,default) 用于统计窗口内往上第n个值。
col:列名
n:往上第n行
default:往上第n行为NULL时候，取默认值,不指定则取NULL
-- lag 开窗函数
select studentId,math,departmentId,classId,
--窗口内 往上取第二个 取不到时赋默认值60
lag(math,2,60) over(partition by classId order by math) as lag1,
--窗口内 往上取第二个 取不到时赋默认值NULL
lag(math,2) over(partition by classId order by math) as lag2
from student_scores where departmentId='department1';
结果
studentid math departmentid classid lag1 lag2
111 69 department1 class1 60 NULL
113 74 department1 class1 60 NULL
112 80 department1 class1 69 69
115 93 department1 class1 74 74
114 94 department1 class1 80 80
124 70 department1 class2 60 NULL
121 74 department1 class2 60 NULL
123 78 department1 class2 70 70
122 86 department1 class2 74 74
结果解释:
第3行 lag1:窗口内(69 74 80) 当前行80 向上取第二个值为69
倒数第3行 lag2:窗口内(70 74) 当前行74 向上取第二个值为NULL
lead
lead(col,n,default) 用于统计窗口内往下第n个值。
col:列名
n:往下第n行
default:往下第n行为NULL时候，取默认值,不指定则取NULL
-- lead开窗函数
select studentId,math,departmentId,classId,
--窗口内 往下取第二个 取不到时赋默认值60
lead(math,2,60) over(partition by classId order by math) as lead1,
--窗口内 往下取第二个 取不到时赋默认值NULL
lead(math,2) over(partition by classId order by math) as lead2
from student_scores where departmentId='department1';
结果
studentid math departmentid classid lead1 lead2
111 69 department1 class1 80 80
113 74 department1 class1 93 93
112 80 department1 class1 94 94
115 93 department1 class1 60 NULL
114 94 department1 class1 60 NULL
124 70 department1 class2 78 78
121 74 department1 class2 86 86
123 78 department1 class2 60 NULL
122 86 department1 class2 60 NULL
结果解释:
第4行lead1 窗口内向下第二个值为空，赋值60
cume_dist
cume_dist
计算某个窗口或分区中某个值的累积分布。假定升序排序，则使用以下公式确定累积分布：
小于等于当前值x的行数 / 窗口或partition分区内的总行数。其中，x 等于 order by 子句中指定的列的当前行中的值。
-- cume_dist 开窗函数
select studentId,math,departmentId,classId,
-- 统计小于等于当前分数的人数占总人数的比例
cume_dist() over(order by math) as cume_dist1,
-- 统计大于等于当前分数的人数占总人数的比例
cume_dist() over(order by math desc) as cume_dist2,
-- 统计分区内小于等于当前分数的人数占总人数的比例
cume_dist() over(partition by classId order by math) as cume_dist3
from student_scores where departmentId='department1';
结果
studentid math departmentid classid cume_dist1 cume_dist2 cume_dist3
111 69 department1 class1 0.1111111111111111 1.0 0.2
113 74 department1 class1 0.4444444444444444 0.7777777777777778 0.4
112 80 department1 class1 0.6666666666666666 0.4444444444444444 0.6
115 93 department1 class1 0.8888888888888888 0.2222222222222222 0.8
114 94 department1 class1 1.0 0.1111111111111111 1.0
124 70 department1 class2 0.2222222222222222 0.8888888888888888 0.25
121 74 department1 class2 0.4444444444444444 0.7777777777777778 0.5
123 78 department1 class2 0.5555555555555556 0.5555555555555556 0.75
122 86 department1 class2 0.7777777777777778 0.3333333333333333 1.0
结果解释:
第三行:
cume_dist1=小于等于80的人数为6/总人数9=0.6666666666666666
cume_dist2=大于等于80的人数为4/总人数9=0.4444444444444444
cume_dist3=分区内小于等于80的人数为3/分区内总人数5=0.6
排序开窗函数
rank
rank
确定一组值中一个值的排名。如果存在partition by ,则为每个分区组中的每个值排名。排名可能不是连续的。
例如，如果两个行的排名为 1，则下一个排名为 3。
-- rank 开窗函数
select *,
-- 对全部学生按数学分数排序
rank() over(order by math) as rank1,
-- 对院系 按数学分数排序
rank() over(partition by departmentId order by math) as rank2,
-- 对每个院系每个班级 按数学分数排序
rank() over(partition by departmentId,classId order by math) as rank3
from student_scores;
结果
id studentid language math english classid departmentid rank1 rank2 rank3
1 111 68 69 90 class1 department1 1 1 1
3 113 90 74 75 class1 department1 3 3 2
2 112 73 80 96 class1 department1 9 6 3
5 115 99 93 89 class1 department1 15 8 4
4 114 89 94 93 class1 department1 17 9 5
9 124 76 70 76 class2 department1 2 2 1
6 121 96 74 79 class2 department1 3 3 2
8 123 70 78 61 class2 department1 7 5 3
7 122 89 86 85 class2 department1 14 7 4
15 216 85 74 93 class1 department2 3 1 1
14 215 84 82 73 class1 department2 11 5 2
11 212 76 83 75 class1 department2 12 6 3
10 211 89 93 60 class1 department2 15 8 4
12 213 71 94 90 class1 department2 17 9 5
13 214 94 94 66 class1 department2 17 9 5
18 223 79 74 96 class2 department2 3 1 1
17 222 80 78 96 class2 department2 7 3 2
19 224 75 80 78 class2 department2 9 4 3
20 225 82 85 63 class2 department2 13 7 4
16 221 77 99 61 class2 department2 20 11 5
dense_rank
dense_rank与rank有一点不同,当排名一样的时候,接下来的行是连续的。如两个行的排名为 1，则下一个排名为 2。
dense_rank
-- dense_rank 开窗函数
select *,
-- 对全部学生按数学分数排序
dense_rank() over(order by math) as dense_rank1,
-- 对院系 按数学分数排序
dense_rank() over(partition by departmentId order by math) as dense_rank2,
-- 对每个院系每个班级 按数学分数排序
dense_rank() over(partition by departmentId,classId order by math) as dense_rank3
from student_scores;
结果:
id studentid language math english classid departmentid dense_rank1 dense_rank2 dense_rank3
1 111 68 69 90 class1 department1 1 1 1
3 113 90 74 75 class1 department1 3 3 2
2 112 73 80 96 class1 department1 5 5 3
5 115 99 93 89 class1 department1 10 7 4
4 114 89 94 93 class1 department1 11 8 5
9 124 76 70 76 class2 department1 2 2 1
6 121 96 74 79 class2 department1 3 3 2
8 123 70 78 61 class2 department1 4 4 3
7 122 89 86 85 class2 department1 9 6 4
15 216 85 74 93 class1 department2 3 1 1
14 215 84 82 73 class1 department2 6 4 2
11 212 76 83 75 class1 department2 7 5 3
10 211 89 93 60 class1 department2 10 7 4
12 213 71 94 90 class1 department2 11 8 5
13 214 94 94 66 class1 department2 11 8 5
18 223 79 74 96 class2 department2 3 1 1
17 222 80 78 96 class2 department2 4 2 2
19 224 75 80 78 class2 department2 5 3 3
20 225 82 85 63 class2 department2 8 6 4
16 221 77 99 61 class2 department2 12 9 5
ntile
将分区中已排序的行划分为大小尽可能相等的指定数量的排名的组，并返回给定行所在的组的排名。
ntile
-- ntile 开窗函数
select *,
-- 对分区内的数据分成两组
ntile(2) over(partition by departmentid order by math) as ntile1,
-- 对分区内的数据分成三组
ntile(3) over(partition by departmentid order by math) as ntile2
from student_scores;
结果
id studentid language math english classid departmentid ntile1 ntile2
1 111 68 69 90 class1 department1 1 1
9 124 76 70 76 class2 department1 1 1
6 121 96 74 79 class2 department1 1 1
3 113 90 74 75 class1 department1 1 2
8 123 70 78 61 class2 department1 1 2
2 112 73 80 96 class1 department1 2 2
7 122 89 86 85 class2 department1 2 3
5 115 99 93 89 class1 department1 2 3
4 114 89 94 93 class1 department1 2 3
18 223 79 74 96 class2 department2 1 1
15 216 85 74 93 class1 department2 1 1
17 222 80 78 96 class2 department2 1 1
19 224 75 80 78 class2 department2 1 1
14 215 84 82 73 class1 department2 1 2
11 212 76 83 75 class1 department2 1 2
20 225 82 85 63 class2 department2 2 2
10 211 89 93 60 class1 department2 2 2
12 213 71 94 90 class1 department2 2 3
13 214 94 94 66 class1 department2 2 3
16 221 77 99 61 class2 department2 2 3
结果解释:
第8行
ntile1:对分区的数据均匀分成2组后，当前行的组排名为2
ntile2:对分区的数据均匀分成3组后，当前行的组排名为3
row_number
从1开始对分区内的数据排序。
row_number
- row_number 开窗函数
select studentid,departmentid,classid,math,
-- 对分区departmentid,classid内的数据按math排序
row_number() over(partition by departmentid,classid order by math) as row_number
from student_scores;
结果
studentid departmentid classid math row_number
111 department1 class1 69 1
113 department1 class1 74 2
112 department1 class1 80 3
115 department1 class1 93 4
114 department1 class1 94 5
124 department1 class2 70 1
121 department1 class2 74 2
123 department1 class2 78 3
122 department1 class2 86 4
216 department2 class1 74 1
215 department2 class1 82 2
212 department2 class1 83 3
211 department2 class1 93 4
213 department2 class1 94 5
214 department2 class1 94 6
223 department2 class2 74 1
222 department2 class2 78 2
224 department2 class2 80 3
225 department2 class2 85 4
221 department2 class2 99 5
结果解释:
同一分区,相同值，不同序。如studentid=213 studentid=214 值都为94 排序为5,6。
precent_rank
计算给定行的百分比排名。可以用来计算超过了百分之多少的人。如360小助手开机速度超过了百分之多少的人。
(当前行的rank值-1)/(分组内的总行数-1)
percent_rank
-- percent_rank 开窗函数
select studentid,departmentid,classid,math,
row_number() over(partition by departmentid,classid order by math) as row_number,
percent_rank() over(partition by departmentid,classid order by math) as percent_rank
from student_scores;
结果
studentid departmentid classid math row_number percent_rank
111 department1 class1 69 1 0.0
113 department1 class1 74 2 0.25
112 department1 class1 80 3 0.5
115 department1 class1 93 4 0.75
114 department1 class1 94 5 1.0
124 department1 class2 70 1 0.0
121 department1 class2 74 2 0.3333333333333333
123 department1 class2 78 3 0.6666666666666666
122 department1 class2 86 4 1.0
216 department2 class1 74 1 0.0
215 department2 class1 82 2 0.2
212 department2 class1 83 3 0.4
211 department2 class1 93 4 0.6
213 department2 class1 94 5 0.8
214 department2 class1 94 6 0.8
223 department2 class2 74 1 0.0
222 department2 class2 78 2 0.25
224 department2 class2 80 3 0.5
225 department2 class2 85 4 0.75
221 department2 class2 99 5 1.0
结果解释:
studentid=115,percent_rank=(4-1)/(5-1)=0.75
studentid=123,percent_rank=(3-1)/(4-1)=0.6666666666666666
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