DataWhale-动手数据分析-Task02：数据清洗及特征处理

#加载所需的库
import pandas as pd
import numpy as np

#加载数据train.csv
train = pd.read_csv('train.csv')

2 第二章：数据清洗及特征处理

我们拿到的数据通常是不干净的，所谓的不干净，就是数据中有缺失值，有一些异常点等，需要经过一定的处理才能继续做后面的分析或建模，所以拿到数据的第一步是进行数据清洗，本章我们将学习缺失值、重复值、字符串和数据转换等操作，将数据清洗成可以分析或建模的亚子。

2.1 缺失值观察与处理

我们拿到的数据经常会有很多缺失值，比如我们可以看到Cabin列存在NaN，那其他列还有没有缺失值，这些缺失值要怎么处理呢

2.1.1 任务一：缺失值观察

(1) 请查看每个特征缺失值个数
(2) 请查看Age， Cabin， Embarked列的数据

#写入代码
train.isnull().sum()

PassengerId      0
Survived         0
Pclass           0
Name             0
Sex              0
Age            177
SibSp            0
Parch            0
Ticket           0
Fare             0
Cabin          687
Embarked         2
dtype: int64

train.info()

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 891 entries, 0 to 890
Data columns (total 12 columns):
 #   Column       Non-Null Count  Dtype  
---  ------       --------------  -----  
 0   PassengerId  891 non-null    int64  
 1   Survived     891 non-null    int64  
 2   Pclass       891 non-null    int64  
 3   Name         891 non-null    object 
 4   Sex          891 non-null    object 
 5   Age          714 non-null    float64
 6   SibSp        891 non-null    int64  
 7   Parch        891 non-null    int64  
 8   Ticket       891 non-null    object 
 9   Fare         891 non-null    float64
 10  Cabin        204 non-null    object 
 11  Embarked     889 non-null    object 
dtypes: float64(2), int64(5), object(5)
memory usage: 83.7+ KB

#写入代码
train[['Age','Cabin','Embarked']].head()
train.loc[:,['Age','Cabin','Embarked']].head(2)

	Age	Cabin	Embarked
0	22.0	NaN	S
1	38.0	C85	C

2.1.2 任务二：对缺失值进行处理

(1)处理缺失值一般有几种思路

(2) 请尝试对Age列的数据的缺失值进行处理

(3) 请尝试使用不同的方法直接对整张表的缺失值进行处理

#处理缺失值的一般思路：
# （1）删除缺失值
train.shape  # (891, 12)
train.dropna().shape

(183, 12)

#写入代码
train.fillna(0).shape  # 用0填充

(891, 12)

fillna()用法举例

df = pd.DataFrame([[np.nan, 2, np.nan, 0],
                    [3, 4, np.nan, 1],
                    [np.nan, np.nan, np.nan, 5],
                    [np.nan, 3, np.nan, 4]],
                   columns=list('ABCD'))
df

	A	B	C	D
0	NaN	2.0	NaN	0
1	3.0	4.0	NaN	1
2	NaN	NaN	NaN	5
3	NaN	3.0	NaN	4

 df.fillna(0)

	A	B	C	D
0	0.0	2.0	0.0	0
1	3.0	4.0	0.0	1
2	0.0	0.0	0.0	5
3	0.0	3.0	0.0	4

# We can also propagate non-null values forward or backward.

df.fillna(method='ffill')  # 前向填充

	A	B	C	D
0	NaN	2.0	NaN	0
1	3.0	4.0	NaN	1
2	3.0	4.0	NaN	5
3	3.0	3.0	NaN	4

df.fillna(method='bfill')

	A	B	C	D
0	3.0	2.0	NaN	0
1	3.0	4.0	NaN	1
2	NaN	3.0	NaN	5
3	NaN	3.0	NaN	4

# Replace all NaN elements in column 'A', 'B', 'C', and 'D', with 0, 1,
# 2, and 3 respectively.
values = {'A': 0, 'B': 1, 'C': 2, 'D': 3}
df.fillna(value=values)

	A	B	C	D
0	0.0	2.0	2.0	0
1	3.0	4.0	2.0	1
2	0.0	1.0	2.0	5
3	0.0	3.0	2.0	4

# Only replace the first NaN element.
df.fillna(value=values, limit=1)

	A	B	C	D
0	0.0	2.0	2.0	0
1	3.0	4.0	NaN	1
2	NaN	1.0	NaN	5
3	NaN	3.0	NaN	4

train['Age'].fillna(int(train['Age'].mean()))  # 使用均值填充

0      22.0
1      38.0
2      26.0
3      35.0
4      35.0
       ... 
886    27.0
887    19.0
888    29.0
889    26.0
890    32.0
Name: Age, Length: 891, dtype: float64

【思考1】dropna和fillna有哪些参数，分别如何使用呢?

dropna用法举例

df = pd.DataFrame({"name": ['Alfred', 'Batman', 'Catwoman'],
                   "toy": [np.nan, 'Batmobile', 'Bullwhip'],
                   "born": [pd.NaT, pd.Timestamp("1940-04-25"),
                            pd.NaT]})
df

	name	toy	born
0	Alfred	NaN	NaT
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25
2	Catwoman	Bullwhip	NaT

# Drop the rows where at least one element is missing.
df.dropna()  # 删除有缺失值的行

	name	toy	born
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25

 # Drop the columns where at least one element is missing.
df.dropna(axis='columns')  # 删除有缺失值的列

	name
0	Alfred
1	Batman
2	Catwoman

# Drop the rows where all elements are missing.
df.append(pd.DataFrame({'name':[np.nan],'toy':[np.nan],'born':[np.nan]}))

	name	toy	born
0	Alfred	NaN	NaT
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25
2	Catwoman	Bullwhip	NaT
0	NaN	NaN	NaT

df.dropna(how='all')  # 删除全为缺失值的行

	name	toy	born
0	Alfred	NaN	NaT
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25
2	Catwoman	Bullwhip	NaT

# Keep only the rows with at least 2 non-NA values.
df.dropna(thresh=2)  #删除缺失值个数大于2的行

	name	toy	born
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25
2	Catwoman	Bullwhip	NaT

# define in which columns to look for missing values.
df.dropna(subset=['name', 'born'])

	name	toy	born
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25

df.dropna(inplace=False)
df

	name	toy	born
0	Alfred	NaN	NaT
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25
2	Catwoman	Bullwhip	NaT

# Keep the DataFrame with valid entries in the same variable.
df.dropna(inplace=True)
df

	name	toy	born
1	Batman	Batmobile	1940-04-25

【思考2】检索空缺值用np.nan要比用None好，这是为什么？

• 数值列读取数据后，空缺值的数据类型为float64所以用None一般索引不到，比较的时候最好用np.nan

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.dropna.html
【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.DataFrame.fillna.html

2.2 重复值观察与处理

由于这样那样的原因，数据中会不会存在重复值呢，如果存在要怎样处理呢

2.2.1 任务一：请查看数据中的重复值

train[train.duplicated()]

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked

2.2.2 任务二：对重复值进行处理

(1)重复值有哪些处理方式呢？

(2)处理我们数据的重复值

# 删除重复值
train.drop_duplicates().head(2)

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C

2.2.3 任务三：将前面清洗的数据保存为csv格式

#写入代码
train.to_csv('train_clear.csv')

2.3 特征观察与处理

我们对特征进行一下观察，可以把特征大概分为两大类：

• 数值型特征：Survived ，Pclass， Age ，SibSp， Parch， Fare，其中Survived， Pclass为离散型数值特征，Age，SibSp， Parch， Fare为连续型数值特征
• 文本型特征：Name， Sex， Cabin，Embarked， Ticket，其中Sex， Cabin， Embarked， Ticket为类别型文本特征，数值型特征一般可以直接用于模型的训练，【但有时候为了模型的稳定性及鲁棒性会对连续变量进行离散化】。文本型特征往往需要转换成数值型特征才能用于建模分析。

2.3.1 任务一：对年龄进行分箱（离散化）处理

(1) 分箱操作是什么？

• 分箱操作是：先把数据分成几个小区间，然后每个区间的数据拥有相同的label值

(2) 将连续变量Age平均分箱成5个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示

train['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(train['Age'],5,labels=['1','2','3','4','5'])
train.head(2)

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	2
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	3

(3) 将连续变量Age划分为[0,5) [5,15) [15,30) [30,50) [50,80)五个年龄段，并分别用类别变量12345表示

train['AgeBand'] = pd.cut(train['Age'],[0,5,15,30,50,80],labels=['1','2','3','4','5'])
train.head(2)

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	3
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	4

(4) 将连续变量Age按10% 30% 50 70% 90%五个年龄段，并用分类变量12345表示

train['AgeBand'] = pd.qcut(train['Age'],[0,0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,0.9]
                        ,labels = ['1','2','3','4','5'])
train.head(2)

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	2
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	5

(5) 将上面的获得的数据分别进行保存，保存为csv格式

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.cut.html

【参考】https://pandas.pydata.org/pandas-docs/stable/reference/api/pandas.qcut.html

2.3.2 任务二：对文本变量进行转换

(1) 查看文本变量名及种类

#写入代码
train.info()
# Name,Sex,Ticket,Cabin,Embarked为文本变量

<class 'pandas.core.frame.DataFrame'>
RangeIndex: 891 entries, 0 to 890
Data columns (total 13 columns):
 #   Column       Non-Null Count  Dtype   
---  ------       --------------  -----   
 0   PassengerId  891 non-null    int64   
 1   Survived     891 non-null    int64   
 2   Pclass       891 non-null    int64   
 3   Name         891 non-null    object  
 4   Sex          891 non-null    object  
 5   Age          714 non-null    float64 
 6   SibSp        891 non-null    int64   
 7   Parch        891 non-null    int64   
 8   Ticket       891 non-null    object  
 9   Fare         891 non-null    float64 
 10  Cabin        204 non-null    object  
 11  Embarked     889 non-null    object  
 12  AgeBand      650 non-null    category
dtypes: category(1), float64(2), int64(5), object(5)
memory usage: 84.7+ KB

train['Sex'].value_counts()
train['Cabin'].value_counts()
train['Embarked'].value_counts()

S    644
C    168
Q     77
Name: Embarked, dtype: int64

train['Sex'].unique()
train['Cabin'].unique()
train['Embarked'].unique()

array(['S', 'C', 'Q', nan], dtype=object)

train['Sex'].nunique()
train['Cabin'].nunique()
train['Embarked'].nunique()

3

(2) 将文本变量Sex， Cabin ，Embarked用数值变量12345表示

#方法一: replace
train['Sex_num'] = train['Sex'].replace(['male','female'],[1,2])
train[['Sex','Sex_num']].head(2)

	Sex	Sex_num
0	male	1
1	female	2

#方法二: map
train['Sex_num'] = train['Sex'].map({'male': 1, 'female': 2})
train[['Sex','Sex_num']].head(2)

	Sex	Sex_num
0	male	1
1	female	2

#方法三: 使用sklearn.preprocessing的LabelEncoder
from sklearn.preprocessing import LabelEncoder
lbl = LabelEncoder()  
# label_dict = dict(zip(train['Cabin'].unique(), range(train['Cabin'].nunique())))
# train["Cabin_labelEncode"] = train['Cabin'].map(label_dict)
train["Cabin_labelEncode"] = lbl.fit_transform(train['Cabin'].astype(str))
train[['Cabin',"Cabin_labelEncode"]].head(3)

	Cabin	Cabin_labelEncode
0	NaN	147
1	C85	81
2	NaN	147

(3) 将文本变量Sex， Cabin， Embarked用one-hot编码表示

x = pd.get_dummies(train['Sex'], prefix='Sex')
train = pd.concat([train, x], axis=1)
   
train.head(2)

	PassengerId	Survived	Pclass	Name	Sex	Age	SibSp	Parch	Ticket	Fare	Cabin	Embarked	AgeBand	Sex_num	Cabin_labelEncode	Sex_female	Sex_male	Sex_female	Sex_male
0	1	0	3	Braund, Mr. Owen Harris	male	22.0	1	0	A/5 21171	7.2500	NaN	S	2	1	147	0	1	0	1
1	2	1	1	Cumings, Mrs. John Bradley (Florence Briggs Th...	female	38.0	1	0	PC 17599	71.2833	C85	C	5	2	81	1	0	1	0

2.3.3 任务三：从纯文本Name特征里提取出Titles的特征(所谓的Titles就是Mr,Miss,Mrs等)

#写入代码
Titles=[]
for name in list(train['Name']):
    if 'Mr' in name:
        Titles.append('Mr') 
    elif 'Mrs' in name:
        Titles.append('Mrs')
    elif 'Miss' in name:
        Titles.append('Miss')
    else:
        Titles.append(np.nan)
Titles