Day16——Huffman编码

Huffman编码可以理解为从根结点到各个叶子结点的路径上边的标记序列，可以标记“0”为转向左孩子，“1”为转向右孩子。如：

代码实现也很简单，就是遍历一遍Huffman树的过程，每个结点的路径序列号可以通过其父结点确定，所以需要在遍历的时候携带路径序列，通过递归实现：

/**
	 * 
	 *********************
	 * @Title: generateCodes
	 * @Description: TODO(Generate codes for each character in the alphabet.)
	 *********************
	 *
	 */
	public void generateCodes() {
		huffmanCodes = new String[alphabetLength];
		HuffmanNode temNode = getRoot();
		getCodes(temNode, "");
	}

	/**
	 * 
	 *********************
	 * @Title: getCodes
	 * @Description: TODO(Get the code of leaves)
	 *
	 * @param paraNode   The HuffmanNode
	 * @param paraString The code of current node.
	 *********************
	 *
	 */
	public void getCodes(HuffmanNode paraNode, String paraString) {
		if (paraNode.leftChild == null && paraNode.rightChild == null) {
			int tempAscii = (int) paraNode.character;
			int tempIndex = charMapping[tempAscii];
			huffmanCodes[tempIndex] = paraString;
			return;
		} // Of if

		if (paraNode.leftChild != null) {
			String tempString = paraString + "0";
			getCodes(paraNode.leftChild, tempString);
		} // Of if

		if (paraNode.leftChild != null) {
			String tempString = paraString + "1";
			getCodes(paraNode.rightChild, tempString);
		} // Of if
	}// Of getCodes

老师的代码是通过循环实现的，因为老师为树结点添加了其父亲结点的引用，所以可以从下至上获得其路径序列，但原理是一样的：

/**
	 *********************
	 * Generate codes for each character in the alphabet.
	 *********************
	 */
	public void generateCodes() {
		huffmanCodes = new String[alphabetLength];
		HuffmanNode tempNode;
		for (int i = 0; i < alphabetLength; i++) {
			tempNode = nodes[i];
			// Use tempCharCode instead of tempCode such that it is unlike
			// tempNode.
			// This is an advantage of long names.
			String tempCharCode = "";
			while (tempNode.parent != null) {
				if (tempNode == tempNode.parent.leftChild) {
					tempCharCode = "0" + tempCharCode;
				} else {
					tempCharCode = "1" + tempCharCode;
				} // Of if

				tempNode = tempNode.parent;
			} // Of while

			huffmanCodes[i] = tempCharCode;
			System.out.println("The code of " + alphabet[i] + " is " + tempCharCode);
		} // Of for i
	}// Of generateCodes

编码的过程就很简单了，因为我们已经为每个字符设置了相应的Huffman编码，只需要遍历一遍字符串完成一个映射。
解码：由于Huffman编码的特点——没有一个编码是另一个编码的前缀，如a的编码是1，就不会有其它任何字符的编码会是以1开头的序列。所以，从一个序列出发，对应从Huffman树根结点出发，如果序列号为“0”,则接着向该结点的左子树走，否则向右子树走，一定会走到一个叶子节点，找到对应的字符；然后开始下一个序列。
完整代码：

package day16;

import java.nio.charset.StandardCharsets;
import java.nio.file.Files;
import java.nio.file.Paths;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.stream.Collectors;


public class Huffman {

	/**
	 * An inner class for Huffman nodes.
	 * 
	 */
	class HuffmanNode {

		/**
		 * The char. Only valid for leaf nodes.
		 */
		char character;

		/**
		 * Weight. It can also be double.
		 */
		int weight;

		/**
		 * The left child.
		 */
		HuffmanNode leftChild;

		/**
		 * The right child.
		 */
		HuffmanNode rightChild;

		/**
		 * 
		 *********************
		 * The first constructor.
		 * 
		 *********************
		 *
		 */
		public HuffmanNode(char paraCharacter, int paraWeight, HuffmanNode paraLeftChild, HuffmanNode paraRightChild) {
			character = paraCharacter;
			weight = paraWeight;
			leftChild = paraLeftChild;
			rightChild = paraRightChild;
		}// Of HuffmanNode

		/**
		 * To string.
		 */
		public String toString() {
			String resultString = "(" + character + "," + weight + ")";

			return resultString;
		}// Of toSting

	}// Of class HuffmanNode

	/**
	 * The number of characters. 256 for ASCII
	 */
	public static final int NUM_CHARS = 256;

	/**
	 * The input text. It is stored in a string for simplicity.
	 */
	String inputText;

	/**
	 * The length of alphabet,also the number of leaves.
	 */
	int alphabetLength;

	/**
	 * The alphabet.
	 */
	char[] alphabet;

	/**
	 * The count of chars. The length is 2*alphabetLength -1 to include non-leaf
	 * nodes.
	 */
	int[] charCounts;

	/**
	 * The mapping of chars to the indices in the alphabet.
	 */
	int[] charMapping;

	/**
	 * Codes for each char in the alphabet. It should have the same length as
	 * alphabet.
	 */
	String[] huffmanCodes;

	/**
	 * All nodes. The last node is the root.
	 */
	HuffmanNode[] nodes;

	/**
	 * 
	 *********************
	 * The first constructor.
	 * 
	 * @param paraFilename The text filename.
	 *********************
	 *
	 */
	public Huffman(String paraFilename) {
		charMapping = new int[NUM_CHARS];
		readText(paraFilename);
	}// Of the fist constructor

	/**
	 * 
	 *********************
	 * @Title: readText
	 * @Description: TODO(Read text.)
	 *
	 * @param paraFilename The filename.
	 *********************
	 *
	 */
	public void readText(String paraFilename) {
		try {
			inputText = Files.newBufferedReader(Paths.get(paraFilename), StandardCharsets.UTF_8).lines()
					.collect(Collectors.joining("\n"));
		} catch (Exception ee) {
			System.out.println(ee);
			System.exit(0);
		} // Of try
		System.out.println("The text is:\r\n" + inputText);
	}// Of readText

	/**
	 * 
	 *********************
	 * @Title: constructAlphabet
	 * @Description: TODO(Construct the alphabet. The results are stored in the
	 *               member variables charMapping and alphabet)
	 *
	 *********************
	 *
	 */
	public void constructAlphabet() {
		// Initialize.
		Arrays.fill(charMapping, -1);

		// The count for each char. At most NUM_VHARS chars.
		int[] tempCharCounts = new int[NUM_CHARS];

		// The index of the char in the ASCII charset.
		int tempCharIndex;

		// Step 1. Scan the string to obtain the counts.
		char tempChar;
		for (int i = 0; i < inputText.length(); i++) {
			tempChar = inputText.charAt(i);
			tempCharIndex = (int) tempChar;

			System.out.println("" + tempCharIndex + " ");

			tempCharCounts[tempCharIndex]++;
		} // Of for i

		// Step 2. Scan to determine the size of the alphabet.
		alphabetLength = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < NUM_CHARS; i++) {
			if (tempCharCounts[i] > 0) {
				alphabetLength++;
			} // Of if
		} // Of for i

		// Step 3. Compress to the alphabet
		alphabet = new char[alphabetLength];
		charCounts = new int[2 * alphabetLength - 1];

		int tempCounter = 0;
		for (int i = 0; i < NUM_CHARS; i++) {
			if (tempCharCounts[i] > 0) {
				alphabet[tempCounter] = (char) i;
				charCounts[tempCounter] = tempCharCounts[i];
				charMapping[i] = tempCounter;
				tempCounter++;
			} // Of if
		} // Of for i

		System.out.println("The alphabet is: " + Arrays.toString(alphabet));
		System.out.println("Their counts are: " + Arrays.toString(charCounts));
		System.out.println("The char mappings are: " + Arrays.toString(charMapping));
	}// Of constructAlphabet

	public void constructTree() {
		// Step 1. Allocate space.
		nodes = new HuffmanNode[alphabetLength * 2 - 1];
		boolean[] tempProcessed = new boolean[alphabetLength * 2 - 1];

		// Step 2. Initialize leaves.
		for (int i = 0; i < alphabetLength; i++) {
			nodes[i] = new HuffmanNode(alphabet[i], charCounts[i], null, null);
		} // Of for i

		// Step 3. Construct the tree.
		int tempLeft, tempRight, tempMinimal;
		for (int i = alphabetLength; i < 2 * alphabetLength - 1; i++) {
			// Step 3.1 Select the first minimal as the left child.
			tempLeft = -1;
			tempMinimal = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
			for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
				if (tempProcessed[j]) {
					continue;
				} // Of if

				if (tempMinimal > charCounts[j]) {
					tempMinimal = charCounts[j];
					tempLeft = j;
				} // Of if
			} // Of for j

			tempProcessed[tempLeft] = true;

			// Step 3.2 Select the second minimal as the right child.
			tempRight = -1;
			tempMinimal = Integer.MAX_VALUE;
			for (int j = 0; j < i; j++) {
				if (tempProcessed[j]) {
					continue;
				} // Of if

				if (tempMinimal > charCounts[j]) {
					tempMinimal = charCounts[j];
					tempRight = j;
				} // Of if
			} // Of for j

			tempProcessed[tempRight] = true;
			System.out.println("Selecting " + i + " are " + tempLeft + " and " + tempRight);

			// Step 3.3 Construct the new node.
			charCounts[i] = charCounts[tempLeft] + charCounts[tempRight];
			nodes[i] = new HuffmanNode('*', charCounts[i], nodes[tempLeft], nodes[tempRight]);

		} // Of for i

	}// Of constructTree

	/**
	 * 
	 *********************
	 * @Title: getRoot
	 * @Description: TODO(Get the root of the binary tree)
	 *
	 * @return The root.
	 *********************
	 *
	 */
	public HuffmanNode getRoot() {
		return nodes[nodes.length - 1];
	}// Of getRoot

	/**
	 * 
	 *********************
	 * @Title: preOrderVisit
	 * @Description: TODO(Pre-order visit)
	 *
	 * @param paraNode
	 *********************
	 *
	 */
	public void preOrderVisit(HuffmanNode paraNode) {
		System.out.println("(" + paraNode.character + ", " + paraNode.weight + ")");

		if (paraNode.leftChild != null) {
			preOrderVisit(paraNode.leftChild);
		} // Of if

		if (paraNode.rightChild != null) {
			preOrderVisit(paraNode.rightChild);
		} // Of if

	}// Of preOrderVisit

	/**
	 * 
	 *********************
	 * @Title: generateCodes
	 * @Description: TODO(Generate codes for each character in the alphabet.)
	 *********************
	 *
	 */
	public void generateCodes() {
		huffmanCodes = new String[alphabetLength];
		HuffmanNode temNode = getRoot();
		getCodes(temNode, "");
	}

	/**
	 * 
	 *********************
	 * @Title: getCodes
	 * @Description: TODO(Get the code of leaves)
	 *
	 * @param paraNode   The HuffmanNode
	 * @param paraString The code of current node.
	 *********************
	 *
	 */
	public void getCodes(HuffmanNode paraNode, String paraString) {
		if (paraNode.leftChild == null && paraNode.rightChild == null) {
			int tempAscii = (int) paraNode.character;
			int tempIndex = charMapping[tempAscii];
			huffmanCodes[tempIndex] = paraString;
			return;
		} // Of if

		if (paraNode.leftChild != null) {
			String tempString = paraString + "0";
			getCodes(paraNode.leftChild, tempString);
		} // Of if

		if (paraNode.leftChild != null) {
			String tempString = paraString + "1";
			getCodes(paraNode.rightChild, tempString);
		} // Of if
	}// Of getCodes

	/**
	 * 
	 *********************
	 * @Title: coding
	 * @Description: TODO(Encode the given string)
	 *
	 * @param paraString The given string.
	 * @return
	 *********************
	 *
	 */
	public String coding(String paraString) {
		String resultCodingString = "";

		int tempIndex;
		for (int i = 0; i < paraString.length(); i++) {
			// From the original char to the location in the alphabet.
			tempIndex = charMapping[(int) paraString.charAt(i)];

			// From the location in the alphabet to the code.
			resultCodingString += huffmanCodes[tempIndex];

		} // Of for i
		return resultCodingString;
	}// Of coding

	/**
	 * 
	 *********************
	 * @Title: decoding
	 * @Description: TODO(Decode the given string)
	 *
	 * @param paraString The given string
	 * @return
	 *********************
	 *
	 */
	public String decoding(String paraString) {
		String resultCodingString = "";

		HuffmanNode tempNode = getRoot();

		for (int i = 0; i < paraString.length(); i++) {
			if (paraString.charAt(i) == '0') {
				tempNode = tempNode.leftChild;
				System.out.println(tempNode);
			} else {
				tempNode = tempNode.rightChild;
				System.out.println(tempNode);
			} // Of if

			if (tempNode.leftChild == null) {
				System.out.println("Decode one: " + tempNode);
				// Decode one char.
				resultCodingString += tempNode.character;

				// Return to the root.
				tempNode = getRoot();
			} // Of for if
		} // Of for i

		return resultCodingString;
	}// Of decoding

	/**
	 * 
	 *********************
	 * @Title: main
	 * @Description: TODO(The entrance of program.)
	 *
	 * @param args Not used now.
	 *********************
	 *
	 */
	public static void main(String args[]) {
		Huffman tempHuffman = new Huffman("F:/huffmantext-small.txt");
		tempHuffman.constructAlphabet();

		tempHuffman.constructTree();

		HuffmanNode tempRoot = tempHuffman.getRoot();
		System.out.println("The root is: " + tempRoot);
		System.out.println("Preorder visit:");
		tempHuffman.preOrderVisit(tempHuffman.getRoot());

		tempHuffman.generateCodes();

		String tempCoded = tempHuffman.coding("abcd");
		System.out.println("Code: " + tempCoded);
		String tempDecoded = tempHuffman.decoding(tempCoded);
		System.out.println("Decoded: " + tempDecoded);
	}// Of main
}// Of class Huffman

运行结果：