举个例子,一个text field能够绑定到最新状态,即使它在变,而不需要用额外的代码去更新text field每一秒的状态.它有点像KVO,但它用blocks代替了重写-observeValueForKeyPath:ofObject:change:context:.
Signals也能够呈现异步的操作,有点像futures and promises.这极大地简化了异步软件,包括了网络处理的代码.
RAC有一个主要的优点,就是提供了一个单一的,统一的方法去处理异步的行为,包括delegate方法,blocks回调,target-action机制,notifications和KVO.
这里有一个简单的例子:
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// When self.username changes, logs the new name to the console.
//
// RACObserve(self, username) creates a new RACSignal that sends the current
// value of self.username, then the new value whenever it changes.
// -subscribeNext: will execute the block whenever the signal sends a value.
[RACObserve(self, username) subscribeNext:^(NSString *newName) {
NSLog(@
"%@"
, newName);
}];
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这不像KVO notifications,signals能够连接在一起并且能够同时进行操作:
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// Only logs names that starts with "j".
//
// -filter returns a new RACSignal that only sends a new value when its block
// returns YES.
[[RACObserve(self, username)
filter:^(NSString *newName) {
return
[newName hasPrefix:@
"j"
];
}]
subscribeNext:^(NSString *newName) {
NSLog(@
"%@"
, newName);
}];
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Signals也能够用来导出状态.而不是observing properties或者设置其他的 properties去反应新的值,RAC通过signals and operations让表示属性变得有可能:
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// Creates a one-way binding so that self.createEnabled will be
// true whenever self.password and self.passwordConfirmation
// are equal.
//
// RAC() is a macro that makes the binding look nicer.
//
// +combineLatest:reduce: takes an array of signals, executes the block with the
// latest value from each signal whenever any of them changes, and returns a new
// RACSignal that sends the return value of that block as values.
RAC(self, createEnabled) = [RACSignal
combineLatest:@[ RACObserve(self, password), RACObserve(self, passwordConfirmation) ]
reduce:^(NSString *password, NSString *passwordConfirm) {
return
@([passwordConfirm isEqualToString:password]);
}];
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Signals不仅仅能够用在KVO,还可以用在很多的地方.比如说,它们也能够展示button presses:
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// Logs a message whenever the button is pressed.
//
// RACCommand creates signals to represent UI actions. Each signal can
// represent a button press, for example, and have additional work associated
// with it.
//
// -rac_command is an addition to NSButton. The button will send itself on that
// command whenever it's pressed.
self.button.rac_command = [[RACCommand alloc] initWithSignalBlock:^(id _) {
NSLog(@
"button was pressed!"
);
return
[RACSignal empty];
}];
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或者异步的网络操作:
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// Hooks up a "Log in" button to log in over the network.
//
// This block will be run whenever the login command is executed, starting
// the login process.
self.loginCommand = [[RACCommand alloc] initWithSignalBlock:^(id sender) {
// The hypothetical -logIn method returns a signal that sends a value when
// the network request finishes.
return
[client logIn];
}];
// -executionSignals returns a signal that includes the signals returned from
// the above block, one for each time the command is executed.
[self.loginCommand.executionSignals subscribeNext:^(RACSignal *loginSignal) {
// Log a message whenever we log in successfully.
[loginSignal subscribeCompleted:^{
NSLog(@
"Logged in successfully!"
);
}];
}];
// Executes the login command when the button is pressed.
self.loginButton.rac_command = self.loginCommand;
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Signals能够展示timers,其他的UI事件,或者其他跟时间改变有关的东西.
对于用signals来进行异步操作,通过连接和改变这些signals能够进行更加复杂的行为.在一组操作完成时,工作能够很简单触发:
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// Performs 2 network operations and logs a message to the console when they are
// both completed.
//
// +merge: takes an array of signals and returns a new RACSignal that passes
// through the values of all of the signals and completes when all of the
// signals complete.
//
// -subscribeCompleted: will execute the block when the signal completes.
[[RACSignal
merge:@[ [client fetchUserRepos], [client fetchOrgRepos] ]]
subscribeCompleted:^{
NSLog(@
"They're both done!"
);
}];
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Signals能够顺序地执行异步操作,而不是嵌套block回调.这个和futures and promises很相似:
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// Logs in the user, then loads any cached messages, then fetches the remaining
// messages from the server. After that's all done, logs a message to the
// console.
//
// The hypothetical -logInUser methods returns a signal that completes after
// logging in.
//
// -flattenMap: will execute its block whenever the signal sends a value, and
// returns a new RACSignal that merges all of the signals returned from the block
// into a single signal.
[[[[client
logInUser]
flattenMap:^(User *user) {
// Return a signal that loads cached messages for the user.
return
[client loadCachedMessagesForUser:user];
}]
flattenMap:^(NSArray *messages) {
// Return a signal that fetches any remaining messages.
return
[client fetchMessagesAfterMessage:messages.lastObject];
}]
subscribeNext:^(NSArray *newMessages) {
NSLog(@
"New messages: %@"
, newMessages);
} completed:^{
NSLog(@
"Fetched all messages."
);
}];
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RAC也能够简单地绑定异步操作的结果:
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// Creates a one-way binding so that self.imageView.image will be set as the user's
// avatar as soon as it's downloaded.
//
// The hypothetical -fetchUserWithUsername: method returns a signal which sends
// the user.
//
// -deliverOn: creates new signals that will do their work on other queues. In
// this example, it's used to move work to a background queue and then back to the main thread.
//
// -map: calls its block with each user that's fetched and returns a new
// RACSignal that sends values returned from the block.
RAC(self.imageView, image) = [[[[client
fetchUserWithUsername:@
"joshaber"
]
deliverOn:[RACScheduler scheduler]]
map:^(User *user) {
// Download the avatar (this is done on a background queue).
return
[[NSImage alloc] initWithContentsOfURL:user.avatarURL];
}]
// Now the assignment will be done on the main thread.
deliverOn:RACScheduler.mainThreadScheduler];
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这里仅仅说了RAC能做什么,但很难说清RAC为什么如此强大.虽然通过这个README很难说清RAC,但我尽可能用更少的代码,更少的模版,把更好的代码去表达清楚.
如果想要更多的示例代码,可以check outC-41 或者 GroceryList,这些都是真正用ReactiveCocoa写的iOS apps.更多的RAC信息可以看一下Documentation文件夹.
什么时候用ReactiveCocoa
乍看上去,ReactiveCocoa是很抽象的,它可能很难理解如何将它应用到具体的问题.
这里有一些RAC常用的地方.
处理异步或者事件驱动数据源
很多Cocoa编程集中在响应user events或者改变application state.这样写代码很快地会变得很复杂,就像一个意大利面,需要处理大量的回调和状态变量的问题.
这个模式表面上看起来不同,像UI回调,网络响应,和KVO notifications,实际上有很多的共同之处。RACSignal统一了这些API,这样他们能够组装在一起然后用相同的方式操作.
举例看一下下面的代码:
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static void *ObservationContext = &ObservationContext;
- (void)viewDidLoad {
[
super
viewDidLoad];
[LoginManager.sharedManager addObserver:self forKeyPath:@
"loggingIn"
options:NSKeyValueObservingOptionInitial context:&ObservationContext];
[NSNotificationCenter.defaultCenter addObserver:self selector:@selector(loggedOut:) name:UserDidLogOutNotification object:LoginManager.sharedManager];
[self.usernameTextField addTarget:self action:@selector(updateLogInButton) forControlEvents:UIControlEventEditingChanged];
[self.passwordTextField addTarget:self action:@selector(updateLogInButton) forControlEvents:UIControlEventEditingChanged];
[self.logInButton addTarget:self action:@selector(logInPressed:) forControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside];
}
- (void)dealloc {
[LoginManager.sharedManager removeObserver:self forKeyPath:@
"loggingIn"
context:ObservationContext];
[NSNotificationCenter.defaultCenter removeObserver:self];
}
- (void)updateLogInButton {
BOOL textFieldsNonEmpty = self.usernameTextField.text.length > 0 && self.passwordTextField.text.length > 0;
BOOL readyToLogIn = !LoginManager.sharedManager.isLoggingIn && !self.loggedIn;
self.logInButton.enabled = textFieldsNonEmpty && readyToLogIn;
}
- (IBAction)logInPressed:(UIButton *)sender {
[[LoginManager sharedManager]
logInWithUsername:self.usernameTextField.text
password:self.passwordTextField.text
success:^{
self.loggedIn = YES;
} failure:^(NSError *error) {
[self presentError:error];
}];
}
- (void)loggedOut:(NSNotification *)notification {
self.loggedIn = NO;
}
- (void)observeValueForKeyPath:(NSString *)keyPath ofObject:(id)object change:(NSDictionary *)change context:(void *)context {
if
(context == ObservationContext) {
[self updateLogInButton];
}
else
{
[
super
observeValueForKeyPath:keyPath ofObject:object change:change context:context];
}
}
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… 用RAC表达的话就像下面这样:
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- (void)viewDidLoad {
[
super
viewDidLoad];
@weakify(self);
RAC(self.logInButton, enabled) = [RACSignal
combineLatest:@[
self.usernameTextField.rac_textSignal,
self.passwordTextField.rac_textSignal,
RACObserve(LoginManager.sharedManager, loggingIn),
RACObserve(self, loggedIn)
] reduce:^(NSString *username, NSString *password, NSNumber *loggingIn, NSNumber *loggedIn) {
return
@(username.length > 0 && password.length > 0 && !loggingIn.boolValue && !loggedIn.boolValue);
}];
[[self.logInButton rac_signalForControlEvents:UIControlEventTouchUpInside] subscribeNext:^(UIButton *sender) {
@strongify(self);
RACSignal *loginSignal = [LoginManager.sharedManager
logInWithUsername:self.usernameTextField.text
password:self.passwordTextField.text];
[loginSignal subscribeError:^(NSError *error) {
@strongify(self);
[self presentError:error];
} completed:^{
@strongify(self);
self.loggedIn = YES;
}];
}];
RAC(self, loggedIn) = [[NSNotificationCenter.defaultCenter
rac_addObserverForName:UserDidLogOutNotification object:nil]
mapReplace:@NO];
}
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连接依赖的操作
依赖经常用在网络请求,当下一个对服务器网络请求需要构建在前一个完成时,可以看一下下面的代码:
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[client logInWithSuccess:^{
[client loadCachedMessagesWithSuccess:^(NSArray *messages) {
[client fetchMessagesAfterMessage:messages.lastObject success:^(NSArray *nextMessages) {
NSLog(@
"Fetched all messages."
);
} failure:^(NSError *error) {
[self presentError:error];
}];
} failure:^(NSError *error) {
[self presentError:error];
}];
} failure:^(NSError *error) {
[self presentError:error];
}];
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ReactiveCocoa 则让这种模式特别简单:
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[[[[client logIn]
then:^{
return
[client loadCachedMessages];
}]
flattenMap:^(NSArray *messages) {
return
[client fetchMessagesAfterMessage:messages.lastObject];
}]
subscribeError:^(NSError *error) {
[self presentError:error];
} completed:^{
NSLog(@
"Fetched all messages."
);
}];
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并行地独立地工作
与独立的数据集并行,然后将它们合并成一个最终的结果在Cocoa中是相当不简单的,并且还经常涉及大量的同步:
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__block NSArray *databaseObjects;
__block NSArray *fileContents;
NSOperationQueue *backgroundQueue = [[NSOperationQueue alloc] init];
NSBlockOperation *databaseOperation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
databaseObjects = [databaseClient fetchObjectsMatchingPredicate:predicate];
}];
NSBlockOperation *filesOperation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
NSMutableArray *filesInProgress = [NSMutableArray array];
for
(NSString *path
in
files) {
[filesInProgress addObject:[NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:path]];
}
fileContents = [filesInProgress copy];
}];
NSBlockOperation *finishOperation = [NSBlockOperation blockOperationWithBlock:^{
[self finishProcessingDatabaseObjects:databaseObjects fileContents:fileContents];
NSLog(@
"Done processing"
);
}];
[finishOperation addDependency:databaseOperation];
[finishOperation addDependency:filesOperation];
[backgroundQueue addOperation:databaseOperation];
[backgroundQueue addOperation:filesOperation];
[backgroundQueue addOperation:finishOperation];
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上面的代码能够简单地用合成signals来清理和优化:
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RACSignal *databaseSignal = [[databaseClient
fetchObjectsMatchingPredicate:predicate]
subscribeOn:[RACScheduler scheduler]];
RACSignal *fileSignal = [RACSignal startEagerlyWithScheduler:[RACScheduler scheduler] block:^(id subscriber) {
NSMutableArray *filesInProgress = [NSMutableArray array];
for
(NSString *path
in
files) {
[filesInProgress addObject:[NSData dataWithContentsOfFile:path]];
}
[subscriber sendNext:[filesInProgress copy]];
[subscriber sendCompleted];
}];
[[RACSignal
combineLatest:@[ databaseSignal, fileSignal ]
reduce:^ id (NSArray *databaseObjects, NSArray *fileContents) {
[self finishProcessingDatabaseObjects:databaseObjects fileContents:fileContents];
return
nil;
}]
subscribeCompleted:^{
NSLog(@
"Done processing"
);
}];
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简化集合转换
像map, filter, fold/reduce 这些高级功能在Foundation中是极度缺少的m导致了一些像下面这样循环集中的代码:
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NSMutableArray *results = [NSMutableArray array];
for
(NSString *str
in
strings) {
if
(str.length < 2) {
continue
;
}
NSString *newString = [str stringByAppendingString:@
"foobar"
];
[results addObject:newString];
}
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RACSequence能够允许Cocoa集合用统一的方式操作:
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RACSequence *results = [[strings.rac_sequence
filter:^ BOOL (NSString *str) {
return
str.length >= 2;
}]
map:^(NSString *str) {
return
[str stringByAppendingString:@
"foobar"
];
}];
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