R - Data structure-CSDN博客

R语言著名开发者 Hadley Wickham 的 Advanced R 的学习笔记1

原书地址 https://adv-r.hadley.nz/index.html

Data structure

Vectors

Vectors come in two flavours: atomic vectors and lists.

All elements of an atomic vector must be the same type, whereas the elements of a list can have different types.

Three common properties:

Type, typeof(), what it is.
Length, length(), how many elements it contains.
Attributes, attributes(), additional arbitrary metadata.

Atomic vectors

Four common types: logical, intege(numeric), character.

Test types： is.double( ), is.atomic( ), is.numeric( ) , is.integer( ) ...

Coercion: Combing a character and an integer yield a character.

Lists

c( ) will combine several lists into one, while list( ) will not.

> c(list(1, 2), c(3:5))

[[1]]

[1] 1

[[2]]

[1] 2

[[3]]

[1] 3

[[4]]

[1] 4

[[5]]

[1] 5

> b = list(list(1, 2), c(3:5))

> b

[[1]]

[[1]][[1]]

[1] 1

[[1]][[2]]

[1] 2

[[2]]

[1] 3 4 5

> str(b)

List of 2

$ :List of 2

..$ : num 1

..$ : num 2

$ : int [1:3] 3 4 5

Attributes

For atomic vectors：

Attrubutes are used to store metadata about the object. Attributes can be thought of as a named list (with unique names). Attributes can be accessed individually with attr() or all at once (as a list) with attributes().

By default, most attributes are lost when modifying a vector.

The only attributes not lost are the three most important:

Names, a character vector giving each element a name, described in names.
Dimensions, used to turn vectors into matrices and arrays, described in matrices and arrays.
Class, used to implement the S3 object system, described in S3.

You can name a vector in three ways:

When creating it: x <- c(a = 1, b = 2, c = 3).
By modifying an existing vector in place: x <- 1:3; names(x) <- c("a", "b", "c").

Or: x <- 1:3; names(x)[[1]] <- c("a").

By creating a modified copy of a vector: x <- setNames(1:3, c("a", "b", "c")).

You can create a new vector without names using unname(x), or remove names in place with names(x) <- NULL

Factors

Factors are build on top of integer vectors using two attributes: the class, the levels.

> x <- factor(c("a", "b", "b", "a"))

> typeof(x)

[1] "integer"

> class(x)

[1] "factor"

Though factors are a type of integer vectors, functions like is.integer( ) , is.numeric( ), etc, seem to test specific type (class ?).

> is.integer(x)

[1] FALSE

> is.atomic(x)

[1] TRUE

factor = integer + 2 attributes.

Factor is a type of integer but is no longer integer. Factors are still atomic vectors.

> f1 <- factor(c("a","b","c","d"))

> f1

[1] a b c d

Levels: a b c d

> f1 %>% as.integer

[1] 1 2 3 4

# When we only change levels, the integers behind factors remain unchanged!

> levels(f1) %<>% rev()

> f1

[1] d c b a

Levels: d c b a

> f1 %>% as.integer()

[1] 1 2 3 4

Many data loading functions will convert char to factors automatically, so use argument : stringAsFactor = FALSE.

Matrices and arrays

atomic vector + dim atrribute = multi-dimensional array.

2 dims array ----> metrices.

	Matrices	Arrays
length()	nrow(), ncol()	dim()
names()	rownames(), colnames()	dimnames()
c()	cbind(), rbind()	abind::abind
	t()	sperm()
	is.matrix() as.matrix()	is.array() as.array()