AsyncTask详解

最新推荐文章于 2024-04-24 10:21:34 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2024-04-24 10:21:34 发布

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分类专栏： android 文章标签： asynchronous asynctask

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作为Android中最常用跨线程手段之一，AsyncTask经常出现在代码中。我也经常使用AsyncTask，有一次遇到一个奇怪的情况：AsyncTask.execute()函数调用后，AsyncTask却未立即执行，而是过了一段时间以后，才开始执行，当时觉得很奇怪，一番Google后，得知是线程池的原因。事后也一直搁着，直到今天工作有点空，花了点时间看看AsyncTask的实现。

AsyncTask的线程池

AsyncTask提供了两个线程池,用以执行后台任务：

当然,开发者也可以通过自定义线程池来执行后台任务：

THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR

THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR的定义为：

    /**
     * An {@link Executor} that can be used to execute tasks in parallel.
     */
    public static final Executor THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR
            = new ThreadPoolExecutor(CORE_POOL_SIZE, MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE, KEEP_ALIVE,
                    TimeUnit.SECONDS, sPoolWorkQueue, sThreadFactory);

其中用到的一些参数如下：

    private static final int CORE_POOL_SIZE = 5;
    private static final int MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE = 128;
    private static final int KEEP_ALIVE = 1;

    private static final ThreadFactory sThreadFactory = new ThreadFactory() {
        private final AtomicInteger mCount = new AtomicInteger(1);

        public Thread newThread(Runnable r) {
            return new Thread(r, "AsyncTask #" + mCount.getAndIncrement());//创建一个拥有特定名字的线程
        }
    };

    private static final BlockingQueue<Runnable> sPoolWorkQueue =
            new LinkedBlockingQueue<Runnable>(10);

这里不详细解释ThreadPoolExecutor的实现，而是简单介绍下ThreadPoolExecutor的工作逻辑（线程池的工作逻辑，相信大家都比较清楚）

当线程池内无空闲线程，且线程数不足CORE_POOL_SIZE时，创建新的线程来执行任务。
当线程池内无空闲线程，且线程数大于等于CORE_POOL_SIZE，且sPoolWorkQueue为满时，把任务放到sPoolWorkQueue中。
当线程池内无空闲线程，且线程数大于等于CORE_POOL_SZIE，且sPoolWorkQueue已满，且线程数未达到MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE时，创建新线程以执行任务。
当线程池内无空闲线程，且线程数大于等于CORE_POOL_SZIE，且sPoolWorkQueue已满，且线程数等于MAXIMUM_POOL_SIZE时，抛出异常。

从当前的参数我们可以看到，THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR最多同时拥有128个线程执行任务，通常情况下（sPoolWorkQueue有任务，且未满），THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR会拥有5条线程同时处理任务。

SERIAL_EXECUTOR

默认情况下，AsyncTask会在SERIAL_EXECUTOR中执行后台任务(其实，这个说法不太准确，稍后解释):

    private static volatile Executor sDefaultExecutor = SERIAL_EXECUTOR;

SERIAL_EXECUTOR的定义为：

    /**
     * An {@link Executor} that executes tasks one at a time in serial
     * order.  This serialization is global to a particular process.
     */
    public static final Executor SERIAL_EXECUTOR = new SerialExecutor();

而SerialExecutor的定义为：

    private static class SerialExecutor implements Executor {
        final ArrayDeque<Runnable> mTasks = new ArrayDeque<Runnable>();
        Runnable mActive;

        public synchronized void execute(final Runnable r) {
            mTasks.offer(new Runnable() {
                public void run() {
                    try {
                        r.run();
                    } finally {
                        scheduleNext();
                    }
                }
            });
            if (mActive == null) {
                scheduleNext();
            }
        }

        protected synchronized void scheduleNext() {
            if ((mActive = mTasks.poll()) != null) {
                THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR.execute(mActive);
            }
        }
    }

从这里，我们可以看到SerialExecutor并不是一个线程池（所以本文前面说AsyncTask的两个线程池的说法是不准确的），它实际上是提供了一个mTask来储存所有待执行的task，并逐个提交给THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR执行。
所以，实际上所有的后台任务都是在THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR中执行的，而

AsyncTask.execute()

和

AsyncTask.executorOnExecutor(AsyncTask.THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR)

的差别在于，前者会逐个执行任务，同一时间仅有一个任务被执行。

AsyncTask的实现

AsyncTask的实现，需要依赖于两个成员：

    private final WorkerRunnable<Params, Result> mWorker;
    private final FutureTask<Result> mFuture;

WorkerRunnable

WorkerRunnable的定义为：

    private static abstract class WorkerRunnable<Params, Result> implements Callable<Result> {
        Params[] mParams;
    }

而Callable的定义为：

public interface Callable<V> {
    /**
     * Computes a result, or throws an exception if unable to do so.
     *
     * @return computed result
     * @throws Exception if unable to compute a result
     */
    V call() throws Exception;
}

WorkerRunnable为抽象类，所以使用的其实是它的子类：

   /**
     * Creates a new asynchronous task. This constructor must be invoked on the UI thread.
     */
    public AsyncTask() {
        mWorker = new WorkerRunnable<Params, Result>() {
            public Result call() throws Exception {
                mTaskInvoked.set(true);

                Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);
                //noinspection unchecked
                return postResult(doInBackground(mParams));
            }
        };

        mFuture = new FutureTask<Result>(mWorker) {
            @Override
            protected void done() {
                try {
                    postResultIfNotInvoked(get());
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    android.util.Log.w(LOG_TAG, e);
                } catch (ExecutionException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException("An error occured while executing doInBackground()",
                            e.getCause());
                } catch (CancellationException e) {
                    postResultIfNotInvoked(null);
                }
            }
        };
    }

call函数的重载挺简单，主要就是调用doInBackground函数，执行后台任务。

FutureTask

FutureTask的实现比WorkerRunnable复杂，但是，如果抓住核心去分析也很简单。

首先， FutureTask实现了RunnableFuture接口：

public class FutureTask<V> implements RunnableFuture<V> {

然后，RunnableFuture继承自Runnable：

public interface RunnableFuture<V> extends Runnable, Future<V> {
    /**
     * Sets this Future to the result of its computation
     * unless it has been cancelled.
     */
    void run();
}

所以，FutureTask类，肯定实现了run方法：

   public void run() {
        if (state != NEW ||
            !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,
                                         null, Thread.currentThread()))
            return;
        try {
            Callable<V> c = callable;
            if (c != null && state == NEW) {
                V result;
                boolean ran;
                try {
                    result = c.call();
                    ran = true;
                } catch (Throwable ex) {
                    result = null;
                    ran = false;
                    setException(ex);
                }
                if (ran)
                    set(result);
            }
        } finally {
            // runner must be non-null until state is settled to
            // prevent concurrent calls to run()
            runner = null;
            // state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
            // leaked interrupts
            int s = state;
            if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
                handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
        }
    }

忽略其他处理，run函数执行了callable的call函数。再说说callable是什么东西：

    public FutureTask(Callable<V> callable) {
        if (callable == null)
            throw new NullPointerException();
        this.callable = callable;
        this.state = NEW;       // ensure visibility of callable
    }

在看看前面已经介绍过的AsyncTask构造函数：

  /**
     * Creates a new asynchronous task. This constructor must be invoked on the UI thread.
     */
    public AsyncTask() {
        mWorker = new WorkerRunnable<Params, Result>() {
            public Result call() throws Exception {
                mTaskInvoked.set(true);

                Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);
                //noinspection unchecked
                return postResult(doInBackground(mParams));
            }
        };

        mFuture = new FutureTask<Result>(mWorker) {
            @Override
            protected void done() {
                try {
                    postResultIfNotInvoked(get());
                } catch (InterruptedException e) {
                    android.util.Log.w(LOG_TAG, e);
                } catch (ExecutionException e) {
                    throw new RuntimeException("An error occured while executing doInBackground()",
                            e.getCause());
                } catch (CancellationException e) {
                    postResultIfNotInvoked(null);
                }
            }
        };
    }

原来callable就是mWorker,也就是说，FutureTask的run函数，会调用doInBackground函数。

AsyncTask.execute函数的执行过程

1. AsyncTask.execute

    public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> execute(Params... params) {
        return executeOnExecutor(sDefaultExecutor, params);
    }

2.AsyncTask.executeOnExecutor

    public final AsyncTask<Params, Progress, Result> executeOnExecutor(Executor exec,
            Params... params) {
        if (mStatus != Status.PENDING) {
            switch (mStatus) {
                case RUNNING:
                    throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
                            + " the task is already running.");
                case FINISHED:
                    throw new IllegalStateException("Cannot execute task:"
                            + " the task has already been executed "
                            + "(a task can be executed only once)");
            }
        }

        mStatus = Status.RUNNING;

        onPreExecute();//调用onPreExecute

        mWorker.mParams = params;//保存参数
        exec.execute(mFuture);//执行task

        return this;
    }

跳过SERIAL_EXECUTOR和THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR的实现不谈，我们可以用如下的方式，简单理解exe.execute函数：

void execute(Runnable runnable）{
    new Thread(runnable).start();
}

3. FutureTask.run()

   public void run() {
        if (state != NEW ||
            !UNSAFE.compareAndSwapObject(this, runnerOffset,
                                         null, Thread.currentThread()))
            return;
        try {
            Callable<V> c = callable;
            if (c != null && state == NEW) {
                V result;
                boolean ran;
                try {
                    result = c.call();
                    ran = true;
                } catch (Throwable ex) {
                    result = null;
                    ran = false;
                    setException(ex);
                }
                if (ran)
                    set(result);
            }
        } finally {
            // runner must be non-null until state is settled to
            // prevent concurrent calls to run()
            runner = null;
            // state must be re-read after nulling runner to prevent
            // leaked interrupts
            int s = state;
            if (s >= INTERRUPTING)
                handlePossibleCancellationInterrupt(s);
        }
    }

前面已经讲过，会调用mWorker.call().
4. WorkerRunnable.call()

 mWorker = new WorkerRunnable<Params, Result>() {
            public Result call() throws Exception {
                mTaskInvoked.set(true);

                Process.setThreadPriority(Process.THREAD_PRIORITY_BACKGROUND);
                //noinspection unchecked
                return postResult(doInBackground(mParams));
            }
        };

5. AsyncTask.postResult()

    private Result postResult(Result result) {
        @SuppressWarnings("unchecked")
        Message message = sHandler.obtainMessage(MESSAGE_POST_RESULT,
                new AsyncTaskResult<Result>(this, result));
        message.sendToTarget();
        return result;
    }

通过sHandler,去UI线程执行接下来的工作。
6. sHandler.handleMessage

    private static class InternalHandler extends Handler {
        @SuppressWarnings({"unchecked", "RawUseOfParameterizedType"})
        @Override
        public void handleMessage(Message msg) {
            AsyncTaskResult result = (AsyncTaskResult) msg.obj;
            switch (msg.what) {
                case MESSAGE_POST_RESULT:
                    // There is only one result
                    result.mTask.finish(result.mData[0]);
                    break;
                case MESSAGE_POST_PROGRESS:
                    result.mTask.onProgressUpdate(result.mData);
                    break;
            }
        }
    }

7. AsyncTask.finish

    private void finish(Result result) {
        if (isCancelled()) {
            onCancelled(result);
        } else {
            onPostExecute(result);
        }
        mStatus = Status.FINISHED;
    }

通常情况下（即尚未调用过cancel(boolean interrupt)),isCannelled()为false,接下来会执行onPostExecute。

总结

从本质上来讲，AsyncTask即为Execute和Handler的组合。AsyncTask利用Executor在后台线程中执行doInBackgroud函数，并利用handler执行onPostExecute函数。

而AsyncTask的行为则由executeOnExecutor函数中参数exec决定。AsyncTask提供的SERIAL_EXECUTOR限定任务逐个执行，而THREAD_POOL_EXECUTOR支持最多128个任务并行执行，但是当待处理任务过多时，会抛出RejectedExecutionException。