1、线程状态值
在一个时间点,每个线程有且只有一种状态,反应线程当前的状况。
在Thread类中用枚举定义了线程的6中状态:
/**
* A thread state. A thread can be in one of the following states:
*/
public enum State {
/**
* Thread state for a thread which has not yet started.
*/
NEW,
/**
* Thread state for a runnable thread. A thread in the runnable
* state is executing in the Java virtual machine but it may
* be waiting for other resources from the operating system
* such as processor.
*/
RUNNABLE,
/**
* Thread state for a thread blocked waiting for a monitor lock.
* A thread in the blocked state is waiting for a monitor lock
* to enter a synchronized block/method or
* reenter a synchronized block/method after calling
* {@link Object#wait() Object.wait}.
*/
BLOCKED,
/**
* Thread state for a waiting thread.
* A thread is in the waiting state due to calling one of the
* following methods:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link Object#wait() Object.wait} with no timeout</li>
* <li>{@link #join() Thread.join} with no timeout</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#park() LockSupport.park}</li>
* </ul>
*
* <p>A thread in the waiting state is waiting for another thread to
* perform a particular action.
*
* For example, a thread that has called <tt>Object.wait()</tt>
* on an object is waiting for another thread to call
* <tt>Object.notify()</tt> or <tt>Object.notifyAll()</tt> on
* that object. A thread that has called <tt>Thread.join()</tt>
* is waiting for a specified thread to terminate.
*/
WAITING,
/**
* Thread state for a waiting thread with a specified waiting time.
* A thread is in the timed waiting state due to calling one of
* the following methods with a specified positive waiting time:
* <ul>
* <li>{@link #sleep Thread.sleep}</li>
* <li>{@link Object#wait(long) Object.wait} with timeout</li>
* <li>{@link #join(long) Thread.join} with timeout</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#parkNanos LockSupport.parkNanos}</li>
* <li>{@link LockSupport#parkUntil LockSupport.parkUntil}</li>
* </ul>
*/
TIMED_WAITING,
/**
* Thread state for a terminated thread.
* The thread has completed execution.
*/
TERMINATED;
}
分别是NEW,RUNNABLE,BLOCKED,WAITING,TIMED_WAITING,TERMINATED。
状态 | 名词 | 说明 |
NEW | new:新建/初始状态 | 新建好了的线程对象,未调用start()启动线程 |
RUNNABLE | runnable:运行状态 | 线程对象调用了start()后,线程处于运行状态。调用start()后由于处理器资源,线程可能不能立即分配到cpu资源开始运行,运行状态又分为运行中(running)和就绪(ready)两种状态,就绪状态的线程在获得CPU时间片后变为运行中状态。 |
BLOCKED | blocked:阻塞状态 | 线程在进入synchronized关键字修饰的方法或代码块(需要获取锁)时的状态,等待获取到锁的过程。 |
WAITING | waiting:等待状态 | 线程对象调用了wait()后的状态,释放同步锁,一直处于等待被显式地唤醒的状态,否则会处于无限期等待的状态。就好比你先去墙角反省,直到我叫你。 |
TIMED_WAITING | timed_waiting:超时等待状态 | 线程调用Thread.sleep(long millis)进入超时等待状态,sleep()方法是Thread类的静态本地native方法,它不会释放同步锁,等待指定时长后自动唤醒运行,无需主动去唤醒。 |
TERMINATED | terminated:终止状态 | 当线程的run()方法完成时,或者主线程的main()方法完成时,就处于终止状态。线程终止后不能再复生。通常来说就是代码已经执行完毕。 |
2、线程转换
- 新建线程:有三种方式新建线程对象,分别是继承Thread类重写run()方法,实现Runnable接口重写其run()方法,实现Callable接口且有返回值。
- 运行状态:运行状态包括就绪状态和运行中状态。就绪状态也称准备状态或者可执行状态。线程对象创建后,调用该线程对象的start()方法,线程为可执行状态,等待获取cup运行资源。在cpu调度资源后开始执行,变为运行中状态。运行中的线程在时间片用完或者调用Thread.yield()方法的情况下会进入就绪状态。Thread.yield()方法翻译为让步,就是说一个线程调用这个方法后,它就会把自己cpu执行的时间让掉,退出cpu运行,再与其他线程共同争取cpu运行资源,并不是让给其他线程,只是让出,再同时一起竞争。
- 超时等待状态:运行中的线程调用了以下方法会进入超时等待状态:Thread.sleep(long millis);Object.wait(long);thread.join(long)。当线程过了等待时长后自动变为运行状态,或者调用Object.notifly()、Object.notiflyAll()方法。thread.join(long)方法为Thread类的非静态方法,线程对象才能调用。thread2.join()为确保thread2执行完,thread2.join(2000)为等待thread2执行2000ms,不管是否执行完毕。
- 等待状态:处于等待中的线程需主要的去唤醒,否则将一直处于等待状态。运行状态的线程调用了Object.wait()、Thread.join()方法进入等待状态,调用Object.notifly()、Object.notiflyAll()方法唤醒线程,进入运行状态。超时等待和等待状态一大区别为等待状态的线程不会释放同步资源,超时等待线程会释放同步资源。分别对应的是wait()和sleep(long)方法。
- 阻塞状态:当运行的线程遇到了需要取得锁的代码块或者方法,即为synchronized修饰的,在获取不到锁的情况下,线程进入阻塞状态,等待其他线程释放锁,当获取到锁是线程就进入运行状态,可见,线程阻塞在多线程中是比较常见的场景。
- 终止状态:当线程执行完,走完run方法或者主线程main执行完,线程变为终止状态。