Java-Type

Java-Type

Type是Java 编程语言中所有类型的公共高级接口（官方解释），也就是Java中所有类型的“爹”；其中，“所有类型”的描述尤为值得关注。它并不是我们平常工作中经常使用的 int、String、List、Map等数据类型，而是从Java语言角度来说，对基本类型、引用类型向上的抽象；

Type体系中类型的包括：原始类型(Class)、参数化类型(ParameterizedType)、数组类型(GenericArrayType)、类型变量(TypeVariable)、基本类型(Class);

原始类型，不仅仅包含我们平常所指的类，还包括枚举、数组、注解等；

参数化类型，就是我们平常所用到的泛型List、Map；

数组类型，并不是我们工作中所使用的数组String[] 、byte[]，而是带有泛型的数组，即T[] ；

基本类型，也就是我们所说的java的基本类型，即int,float,double等

package java.lang.reflect;

/**
 * Type is the common superinterface for all types in the Java
 * programming language. These include raw types, parameterized types,
 * array types, type variables and primitive types.
 *
 * @since 1.5
 */
public interface Type {
    /**
     * Returns a string describing this type, including information
     * about any type parameters.
     *
     * @implSpec The default implementation calls {@code toString}.
     *
     * @return a string describing this type
     * @since 1.8
     */
    default String getTypeName() {
        return toString();
    }
}

查看源码，Type接口下共有4个"儿子"，每一个“儿子”代表着Java中的一种类型；

1.ParameterizedType

参数化类型，即泛型；例如：List、Map<K,V>等带有参数化的对象;

注意指的是对象本身

在ParameterizedType接口中，有3个方法，分别是getActualTypeArguments()、 getRawType()、 getOwnerType();

1.1 getActualTypeArguments

获取泛型中的实际类型，可能会存在多个泛型，例如Map<K,V>,所以会返回Type[]数组；

值得注意的是，无论<>中有几层嵌套(List<Map<String,Integer>)，getActualTypeArguments()方法永远都是脱去最外层的<>(也就是List<>)，将口号内的内容（Map<String,Integer>）返回；

我们经常遇到的List，通过getActualTypeArguments()方法，得到的返回值是TypeVariableImpl对象，也就是TypeVariable类型(后面介绍);

1.2 getRawType

获取声明泛型的类或者接口，也就是泛型中<>前面的那个值；

1.3 getOwnerType

通过方法的名称，我们大概了解到，此方法是获取泛型的拥有者，那么拥有者是个什么意思？

Returns a {@code Type} object representing the type that this type * is a member of. For example, if this type is {@code O.I}, * return a representation of {@code O}. （摘自JDK注释）

通过注解，我们得知，“拥有者”表示的含义–内部类的“父类”，通过getOwnerType()方法可以获取到内部类的“拥有者”；例如： Map 就是 Map.Entry<String,String>的拥有者；

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2003, 2004, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
 */

package java.lang.reflect;


/**
 * ParameterizedType represents a parameterized type such as
 * Collection<String>.
 *
 * <p>A parameterized type is created the first time it is needed by a
 * reflective method, as specified in this package. When a
 * parameterized type p is created, the generic type declaration that
 * p instantiates is resolved, and all type arguments of p are created
 * recursively. See {@link java.lang.reflect.TypeVariable
 * TypeVariable} for details on the creation process for type
 * variables. Repeated creation of a parameterized type has no effect.
 *
 * <p>Instances of classes that implement this interface must implement
 * an equals() method that equates any two instances that share the
 * same generic type declaration and have equal type parameters.
 *
 * @since 1.5
 */
public interface ParameterizedType extends Type {
    /**
     * Returns an array of {@code Type} objects representing the actual type
     * arguments to this type.
     *
     * <p>Note that in some cases, the returned array be empty. This can occur
     * if this type represents a non-parameterized type nested within
     * a parameterized type.
     *
     * @return an array of {@code Type} objects representing the actual type
     *     arguments to this type
     * @throws TypeNotPresentException if any of the
     *     actual type arguments refers to a non-existent type declaration
     * @throws MalformedParameterizedTypeException if any of the
     *     actual type parameters refer to a parameterized type that cannot
     *     be instantiated for any reason
     * @since 1.5
     */
    Type[] getActualTypeArguments();

    /**
     * Returns the {@code Type} object representing the class or interface
     * that declared this type.
     *
     * @return the {@code Type} object representing the class or interface
     *     that declared this type
     * @since 1.5
     */
    Type getRawType();

    /**
     * Returns a {@code Type} object representing the type that this type
     * is a member of.  For example, if this type is {@code O<T>.I<S>},
     * return a representation of {@code O<T>}.
     *
     * <p>If this type is a top-level type, {@code null} is returned.
     *
     * @return a {@code Type} object representing the type that
     *     this type is a member of. If this type is a top-level type,
     *     {@code null} is returned
     * @throws TypeNotPresentException if the owner type
     *     refers to a non-existent type declaration
     * @throws MalformedParameterizedTypeException if the owner type
     *     refers to a parameterized type that cannot be instantiated
     *     for any reason
     * @since 1.5
     */
    Type getOwnerType();
}

2.TypeVariable

类型变量，即泛型中的变量；例如：T、K、V等变量，可以表示任何类；在这需要强调的是，TypeVariable代表着泛型中的变量，而ParameterizedType则代表整个泛型；

在TypeVariable接口中，有3个方法，分别为getBounds()、getGenericDeclaration()、getName()；

2.1 getBounds

获得该类型变量的上限，也就是泛型中extend右边的值；例如 List ，Number就是类型变量T的上限；如果我们只是简单的声明了List（无显式定义extends），那么默认为Object；

值得注意的是，类型变量的上限可以为多个，必须使用&符号相连接，例如 List<T extends Number & Serializable>；其中，& 后必须为接口；

2.2 getGenericDeclaration

获取声明该类型变量实体，也就是TypeVariableTest中的TypeVariableTest；

2.3 getName

获取类型变量在源码中定义的名称；

说到TypeVariable类，就不得不提及Java-Type体系中另一个比较重要的接口—GenericDeclaration；含义为：声明类型变量的所有实体的公共接口；也就是说该接口定义了哪些地方可以定义类型变量（泛型）；

通过查看源码发现，GenericDeclaration下有三个子类，分别为Class、Method、Constructor；也就是说，我们定义泛型只能在一个类中这3个地方自定义泛型；

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2003, 2013, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
  */

package java.lang.reflect;

/**
 * TypeVariable is the common superinterface for type variables of kinds.
 * A type variable is created the first time it is needed by a reflective
 * method, as specified in this package.  If a type variable t is referenced
 * by a type (i.e, class, interface or annotation type) T, and T is declared
 * by the nth enclosing class of T (see JLS 8.1.2), then the creation of t
 * requires the resolution (see JVMS 5) of the ith enclosing class of T,
 * for i = 0 to n, inclusive. Creating a type variable must not cause the
 * creation of its bounds. Repeated creation of a type variable has no effect.
 *
 * <p>Multiple objects may be instantiated at run-time to
 * represent a given type variable. Even though a type variable is
 * created only once, this does not imply any requirement to cache
 * instances representing the type variable. However, all instances
 * representing a type variable must be equal() to each other.
 * As a consequence, users of type variables must not rely on the identity
 * of instances of classes implementing this interface.
 *
 * @param <D> the type of generic declaration that declared the
 * underlying type variable.
 *
 * @since 1.5
 */
public interface TypeVariable<D extends GenericDeclaration> extends Type, AnnotatedElement {
    /**
     * Returns an array of {@code Type} objects representing the
     * upper bound(s) of this type variable.  Note that if no upper bound is
     * explicitly declared, the upper bound is {@code Object}.
     *
     * <p>For each upper bound B: <ul> <li>if B is a parameterized
     * type or a type variable, it is created, (see {@link
     * java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType ParameterizedType} for the
     * details of the creation process for parameterized types).
     * <li>Otherwise, B is resolved.  </ul>
     *
     * @throws TypeNotPresentException  if any of the
     *     bounds refers to a non-existent type declaration
     * @throws MalformedParameterizedTypeException if any of the
     *     bounds refer to a parameterized type that cannot be instantiated
     *     for any reason
     * @return an array of {@code Type}s representing the upper
     *     bound(s) of this type variable
    */
    Type[] getBounds();

    /**
     * Returns the {@code GenericDeclaration} object representing the
     * generic declaration declared this type variable.
     *
     * @return the generic declaration declared for this type variable.
     *
     * @since 1.5
     */
    D getGenericDeclaration();

    /**
     * Returns the name of this type variable, as it occurs in the source code.
     *
     * @return the name of this type variable, as it appears in the source code
     */
    String getName();

    /**
     * Returns an array of AnnotatedType objects that represent the use of
     * types to denote the upper bounds of the type parameter represented by
     * this TypeVariable. The order of the objects in the array corresponds to
     * the order of the bounds in the declaration of the type parameter.
     *
     * Returns an array of length 0 if the type parameter declares no bounds.
     *
     * @return an array of objects representing the upper bounds of the type variable
     * @since 1.8
     */
     AnnotatedType[] getAnnotatedBounds();
}

3.GenericArrayType

泛型数组类型，用来描述ParameterizedType、TypeVariable类型的数组；即List[] 、T[]等；

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2003, 2004, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
  */

package java.lang.reflect;

/**
 * {@code GenericArrayType} represents an array type whose component
 * type is either a parameterized type or a type variable.
 * @since 1.5
 */
public interface GenericArrayType extends Type {
    /**
     * Returns a {@code Type} object representing the component type
     * of this array. This method creates the component type of the
     * array.  See the declaration of {@link
     * java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType ParameterizedType} for the
     * semantics of the creation process for parameterized types and
     * see {@link java.lang.reflect.TypeVariable TypeVariable} for the
     * creation process for type variables.
     *
     * @return  a {@code Type} object representing the component type
     *     of this array
     * @throws TypeNotPresentException if the underlying array type's
     *     component type refers to a non-existent type declaration
     * @throws MalformedParameterizedTypeException if  the
     *     underlying array type's component type refers to a
     *     parameterized type that cannot be instantiated for any reason
     */
    Type getGenericComponentType();
}

4.Class

上三者不同，Class是Type的一个实现类，属于原始类型，是Java反射的基础，对Java类的抽象；

在程序运行期间，每一个类都对应一个Class对象，这个对象包含了类的修饰符、方法，属性、构造等信息，所以我们可以对这个Class对象进行相应的操作，这就是Java的反射；

5.WildcardType

泛型表达式（或者通配符表达式），即？ extend Number、？ super Integer这样的表达式；WildcardType虽然是Type的子接口，但却不是Java类型中的一种；

/*
 * Copyright (c) 2003, 2004, Oracle and/or its affiliates. All rights reserved.
 * ORACLE PROPRIETARY/CONFIDENTIAL. Use is subject to license terms.
  */

package java.lang.reflect;

/**
 * WildcardType represents a wildcard type expression, such as
 * {@code ?}, {@code ? extends Number}, or {@code ? super Integer}.
 *
 * @since 1.5
 */
public interface WildcardType extends Type {
    /**
     * Returns an array of {@code Type} objects representing the  upper
     * bound(s) of this type variable.  Note that if no upper bound is
     * explicitly declared, the upper bound is {@code Object}.
     *
     * <p>For each upper bound B :
     * <ul>
     *  <li>if B is a parameterized type or a type variable, it is created,
     *  (see {@link java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType ParameterizedType}
     *  for the details of the creation process for parameterized types).
     *  <li>Otherwise, B is resolved.
     * </ul>
     *
     * @return an array of Types representing the upper bound(s) of this
     *     type variable
     * @throws TypeNotPresentException if any of the
     *     bounds refers to a non-existent type declaration
     * @throws MalformedParameterizedTypeException if any of the
     *     bounds refer to a parameterized type that cannot be instantiated
     *     for any reason
     */
    Type[] getUpperBounds();

    /**
     * Returns an array of {@code Type} objects representing the
     * lower bound(s) of this type variable.  Note that if no lower bound is
     * explicitly declared, the lower bound is the type of {@code null}.
     * In this case, a zero length array is returned.
     *
     * <p>For each lower bound B :
     * <ul>
     *   <li>if B is a parameterized type or a type variable, it is created,
     *  (see {@link java.lang.reflect.ParameterizedType ParameterizedType}
     *  for the details of the creation process for parameterized types).
     *   <li>Otherwise, B is resolved.
     * </ul>
     *
     * @return an array of Types representing the lower bound(s) of this
     *     type variable
     * @throws TypeNotPresentException if any of the
     *     bounds refers to a non-existent type declaration
     * @throws MalformedParameterizedTypeException if any of the
     *     bounds refer to a parameterized type that cannot be instantiated
     *     for any reason
     */
    Type[] getLowerBounds();
    // one or many? Up to language spec; currently only one, but this API
    // allows for generalization.
}

以上，简单介绍了Java-Type的体系；为了解决泛型，JDK1.5版本开始引入Type接口；在此之前，Java中只有原始类型，所有的原始类型都是通过Class进行抽象；有了Type以后，Java的数据类型得到了扩展，从原始类型扩展为参数化类型(ParameterizedType)、数组类型(GenericArrayType)、类型变量(TypeVariable);