当我们去启动一个 WEB 项目的时候, 容器(包括 JBoss, Tomcat 等)首先会去读项目的 web.xml 配置文件里面的信息,
当这一步骤没有出错并且完成之后, 项目才能正常的被启动起来。
1> 首先是, 容器会先读 <context-param></context-param> 节点, 并创建一个 ServletContext 实例, 以节点的 name 作为键, value 作为值,
存储到上下文环境中。
2> 接着, 容器会去读 <listener></listener> 节点, 根据配置的 class 类路径来创建监听。
3> 接着, 容器去读 <filter></filter> 节点, 根据指定的类路径来实例化过滤器。
以上都是在 WEB 项目还没有完全启动起来的时候就已经完成了的工作。如果系统中有用到 Servlet, 则 Servlet 是在第一次发起请求的时候被实例化的,
且一般不会被容器销毁, 它可以服务于多个用户的请求。所以, Servlet 的初始化都要比上面提到的那几个要迟。
总的来说, web.xml 的加载顺序是: context-param --> listener --> filter --> servlet
其中, 如果 web.xml 中出现了相同的节点, 则是按照在配置文件中出现的先后顺序来加载的。
下面引入一个小列子来说明:
<? xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8" ?>
< listener >
< listener-class > net.yeah.fancydeepin.listener.AppStartListener </ listener-class >
</ listener >
<!-- 为了更好的说明, 特意将 context-param 放在 listener 后面 -->
< context-param >
< param-name > technology </ param-name >
< param-value > java,javascript,ajax,css,html </ param-value >
</ context-param >
< filter >
< filter-name > ReDespatcherFilter </ filter-name >
< filter-class > net.yeah.fancydeepin.filter.ReDespatcherFilter </ filter-class >
< init-param >
< param-name > it </ param-name >
< param-value > android, python, c </ param-value >
</ init-param >
</ filter >
< filter-mapping >
< filter-name > ReDespatcherFilter </ filter-name >
< url-pattern > /* </ url-pattern >
</ filter-mapping >
< filter >
< filter-name > ReDespatcherFilter2 </ filter-name >
< filter-class > net.yeah.fancydeepin.filter.ReDespatcherFilter2 </ filter-class >
< init-param >
< param-name > mail </ param-name >
< param-value > fancydeepin@yeah.net </ param-value >
</ init-param >
</ filter >
</ web-app >
package net.yeah.fancydeepin.listener;
import java.util.Arrays;
import java.util.List;
import javax.servlet.ServletContext;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextEvent;
import javax.servlet.ServletContextListener;
public class AppStartListener implements ServletContextListener{
public void contextInitialized(ServletContextEvent contextEvent) {
System.out.println( " ******************************************** " );
ServletContext context = contextEvent.getServletContext();
List < String > params = Arrays.asList(context.getInitParameter( " technology " ).split( " , " ));
for (String param : params){
System.out.print(param + " \t " );
}
System.out.println( " \n******************************************** " );
}
public void contextDestroyed(ServletContextEvent contextEvent) {
}
}
package net.yeah.fancydeepin.filter;
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.Filter;
import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
public class ReDespatcherFilter implements Filter {
public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
System.out.println( " ============================================ " );
System.out.println(filterConfig.getInitParameter( " it " ));
System.out.println( " ============================================ " );
}
public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) throws IOException,ServletException{
chain.doFilter(request, response);
}
public void destroy() {
}
}
package net.yeah.fancydeepin.filter;
import java.io.IOException;
import javax.servlet.Filter;
import javax.servlet.FilterChain;
import javax.servlet.FilterConfig;
import javax.servlet.ServletException;
import javax.servlet.ServletRequest;
import javax.servlet.ServletResponse;
public class ReDespatcherFilter2 implements Filter {
public void init(FilterConfig filterConfig) throws ServletException {
System.out.println( " ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ " );
System.out.println(filterConfig.getInitParameter( " mail " ));
System.out.println( " ++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++++ " );
}
public void doFilter(ServletRequest request, ServletResponse response, FilterChain chain) throws IOException,ServletException{
chain.doFilter(request, response);
}
public void destroy() {
}
}
后台启动输出结果: