二叉树建立出现的指针问题转载~~~~~~~~

最新推荐文章于 2022-08-02 09:55:11 发布

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最新推荐文章于 2022-08-02 09:55:11 发布

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原文地址：http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-26983585-id-3219788.html

一个二叉树的建立代码如下所示：

#include<stdio.h>
 #include<stdlib.h> 
struct BiTNode { 
    char data; 
    struct BiTNode* lchild; 
    //二叉树的结构 struct BiTNode* rchild; 
 }; 
 typedef struct BiTNode * BiTree ; 
 void CreatBiTree( BiTree ); //创建二叉树 
 void PreOrderTraverse(BiTree ); // 遍历该二叉树，打印各个节点的值 
 void main(){ 
     BiTree T=NULL; //T为根节点 
     CreatBiTree( T ) ; 
     PreOrderTraverse( T ) ; 
     system("pause"); 
     return 0;
 } 
 //用先序递归过程建立二叉树 
 void CreatBiTree( BiTree T) 
 { 
     char ch; 
     ch=getchar(); 
     if( ch == '*') //如果输入星号则二叉树的节点为空节点 
         T=NULL; 
     else{ 
         
         if ( ! ( T=(BiTree)malloc( sizeof(struct BiTNode) ) ) ) 
         { 
             printf("内存分配失败！"); 
                return ; //如果输入的不是星号。则为新节点分配内存空间 
         } 
         else
         { 
             
             T->data=ch; 
             CreatBiTree(T->lchild); //分配成功则接着建立左子树和右子树 
             CreatBiTree(T->rchild); 
         } 
     } 
 } 
 void PreOrderTraverse(BiTree T){ 
     if (T) 
     { 
         printf("%c",T->data); ; 
         if (T->lchild) 
             PreOrderTraverse(T->lchild) ; //遍历该树，输出各个节点的值 
         if (T->rchild) 
             PreOrderTraverse(T->rchild) ; 
     } 
 }

首先我们一看就知道这有问题，哪儿有问题呢，创建二叉树的时候有问题，看看那传的是什么值，传的是指针，而接受的参数是指针，这无非跟我们普通的函数传的是一个变量接收的还是一个普通变量一样，想一下，当调用函数结束时，它的空间还存在么，那么你传过来的参数的值会给你主函数中返回去吗，显然是不可能的啊，所以修改后的代码如下所示：

#include<stdio.h>
 #include<stdlib.h> 
struct BiTNode { 
    char data; 
    struct BiTNode* lchild; 
    //二叉树的结构 struct BiTNode* rchild; 
 }; 
 typedef struct BiTNode * BiTree ; 
 void CreatBiTree( BiTree ); //创建二叉树 
 void PreOrderTraverse(BiTree ); // 遍历该二叉树，打印各个节点的值 
 void main(){ 
     BiTree T=NULL; //T为根节点 
     CreatBiTree( T ) ; 
     PreOrderTraverse( T ) ; 
     system("pause"); 
     return 0;
 } 
 //用先序递归过程建立二叉树 
void CreatBiTree( BiTree * T)
{

    char ch;

    ch=getchar();
    if( ch == '*') //如果输入星号则二叉树的节点为空节点
        *T=NULL;
    else
    {
        if ( ! ( *T=(BiTree)malloc( sizeof(struct BiTNode) ) ) ) 
        {
             printf("内存分配失败！"); 
                return ; //如果输入的不是星号。则为新节点分配内存空间
        }
        else
        {
            (*T)->data=ch; 
            CreatBiTree(&((*T)->lchild)); //分配成功则接着建立左子树和右子树
         CreatBiTree(&((*T)->rchild)); 
        }
    } 
} 


 void PreOrderTraverse(BiTree T){ 
     if (T) 
     { 
         printf("%c",T->data); ; 
         if (T->lchild) 
             PreOrderTraverse(T->lchild) ; //遍历该树，输出各个节点的值 
         if (T->rchild) 
             PreOrderTraverse(T->rchild) ; 
     } 
 }

二叉树中，个人认为初学者容易犯一下几个错误：

1：创建二叉树，有两类模式：

a: 在main 函数中定义一个BiTree 注意这是个二叉树节点的指针类型；然后将这个参数传递给一个CreatBiTree 函数；在该函数中递归创建二叉树；代码如下：

void CreatBiTree( BiTree * T) //注意我这里用的是二级指针；这个是好多人容易犯错误的地方；

         {
                 char ch;

                 ch=getchar();
                if( ch == '*') //如果输入星号则二叉树的节点为空节点
                    *T=NULL;
               else{
                       if ( ! ( *T=(BiTree)malloc( sizeof(struct BiTNode) ) ) ) {
                               printf("内存分配失败！"); 
                                return ; //如果输入的不是星号。则为新节点分配内存空间
                       }
                       else

                      {
                                (*T)->data=ch; 
                                CreatBiTree(&((*T)->lchild)); //分配成功则接着建立左子树和右子树
                                CreatBiTree(&((*T)->rchild)); 
                     }
       } 
}

b:可以直接在CreatBiTree函数中创建二叉树，并返回二叉树的根指针；

如：BiTree T=CreatBiTree（）；代码如下：

BiTree CreatBiTree()

          {

                     char ch; 

                     BiTNode *pt=NULL;

                     ch=getchar();

                     if( '*'==ch) 

                             return NULL;

                     else {

                              pt=(BiTNode *)malloc(sizeof(?BiTNode ) );

                              pt->data=ch;

                              pt->lchild=CreatBiTree();

                              pt->rchild=CreatBiTree();

                              return pt;

           }

呵呵。。从上边的两个建树过程看来，还是第二个容易理解一点：

不过大部分人，都在疑惑一个问题，那就是在第一个（即 A) 的过程中，为什么一定要使用二级指针，而一级为什么就不行呢？？

不是说函数中传递指针，在函数中改变指针的值，就是在改变实参中的数据信息嘛？？？

额。。。其实吧，上边说的也对，可问题就在这块了。。。问题是，在建立二叉树的过程中，不是改变了形参的值，而是：改变了形参的指向；而推出该函数后，形参被释放了，那么为形参动态分配的空间，也就没办法释放了，造成了内存泄露问题。。

举个例子吧：

<ol class="dp-css" style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px 1px 0px 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 40px; list-style: none; color: rgb(92, 92, 92); line-height: 1.3; font-family: Consolas, monospace; letter-spacing: 0.10000000149011612px;"><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 0);">void get_Vale1<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span>char <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">*</span>pt<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span> <br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></span></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">{</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">       pt<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">=</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span>char <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">*</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span>malloc<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span>strlen<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(255, 0, 255);">"sx_liang"</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">+</span>1<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">;</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">        strcpy<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span>pt<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">,</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(255, 0, 255);">"sx_liang"</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">;</span> <br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">}</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">void get_Vale2<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span>char <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">*</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">*</span>pt<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">{</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">       <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">*</span>pt<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">=</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span>char <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">*</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span>malloc<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span>strlen<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(255, 0, 255);">"sx_liang"</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">+</span>1<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">;</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">        strcpy<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">*</span>pt<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">,</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(255, 0, 255);">"sx_liang"</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">;</span> <br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">}</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(255, 0, 0);">int</span> main<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">{</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">         char <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">*</span>pt<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">=</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">NULL</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">;</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">   <br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">         get_Vale1<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span>pt<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">;</span> <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">/</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">/</span>看看，这里调用的过程中，传递的是一级指针；<br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">           <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">if</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span> <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">NULL</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">=</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">=</span>pt<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span> <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">/</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">/</span>额。。。。在这里呢，就会执行if 里边的信息了。。。<br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">          <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">{</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">                       cout<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"><</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"><</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(255, 0, 255);">"pt is NULL"</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"><</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"><</span>endl<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">;</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">                       <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">exit</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span>1<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">;</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">          <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">}</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">           <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">else</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">                cout<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"><</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"><</span>pt<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"><</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);"><</span>endl<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">;</span><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">                get_Vale2<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">(</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">&</span>pt<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">)</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">;</span> <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">/</span><span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 204);">/</span>这里呢，传递的是二级指针，结果呢，就输出了“sx_liang<span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(255, 0, 255);">";<br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></span></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">         if( NULL==pt) <br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">          {<br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;"><br style="word-wrap: break-word;" /></li><li style="word-wrap: break-word; margin: 0px; padding: 0px 0px 0px 10px; list-style: decimal outside;">                       cout<<"pt <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">is</span> <span style="word-wrap: break-word; color: rgb(0, 0, 255);">NULL</span></li></ol>

什么原因呢：咱开始分析一下：

void get_Vale1(char *M)//这里呢，传递了一个指针，此时，M和实参 pt 的指向内存的同一块空间，都指向了null;

M=(char *)malloc(strlen("sx_liang")+1); //此时呢，给M的重新开辟了一块空间，而实参pt 没有变化，还指向NULL；

//就是这里，M 和pt 已经没有联系了，彻底变成了两个指向不同的指针；

strcpy(M,"sx_liang");//退出函数时，因为M是局部变量，在栈中分配的空间，那么M自动销毁，而在堆中为M分配的空间呢，泄露了，没有被释放；是个问题！

void get_Vale2(char **M)//这里呢，传递的是二级指针；此时，M 指向实参，而不是和实参一样指向null；*M 此时才和pt相同，都指向了NULL；注意体会一下；

*M=(char *)malloc(strlen("sx_liang")+1);//在这里呢，*M就是实参pt ,给*M申请空间，就是在为pt 申请空间；注意体会了；

strcpy(*M,"sx_liang");//推出函数后，M销毁，但是它申请的空间没被释放，但是该空间有pt 指向它，不担心释放问题；

额。。。到这里了，应该就能明白为什么二叉树的创建过程中 A 办法要使用二级指针了吧。。。。一级指针，每次创建的节点，都没有和头指针root 联系起来，当然就没办法打印了，而二级呢。。。呵呵。。。就OK了。。。。

就是这样了。。。呵呵。。。

a790398207

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二叉树建立出现的指针问题转载~~~~~~~~

原文地址：http://blog.chinaunix.net/uid-26983585-id-3219788.html一个二叉树的建立代码如下所示：#include #include struct BiTNode { char data; struct BiTNode* lchild; //二叉树的结构 struct BiTNode* rchild
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