MySQL基础操作
1. 关系型数据库介绍
1.1 数据结构模型
数据结构模型主要有：
层次模型
网状结构
关系模型
关系模型：
二维关系：row，column
数据库管理系统：DBMS
关系：Relational，RDBMS
1.2 RDBMS专业名词
MySQL：MySQL（5.7版本最后一版免费，8.0版本收费），MariaDB（10.0版本免费），Percona-Server
PostgreSQL：简称为pgsql
Oracle //收费
MSSQL //隶属于微软
SQL：Structure Query Language，结构化查询语言
约束：constraint，向数据表提供的数据要遵守的限制
主键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。且必须提供数据，不能为空（NOT NULL）。
一个表只能存在一个
惟一键约束：一个或多个字段的组合，填入的数据必须能在本表中唯一标识本行。允许为空（NULL）
一个表可以存在多个
外键约束：一个表中的某字段可填入数据取决于另一个表的主键已有的数据
检查性约束
索引：将表中的一个或多个字段中的数据复制一份另存，并且这些数据需要按特定次序排序存储
1.3 关系型数据库的常见组件
关系型数据库的常见组件有：
数据库：database
表：table，由行（row）和列（column）组成
索引：index
视图：view
用户：user
权限：privilege
存储过程：procedure
存储函数：function
触发器：trigger
事件调度器：event scheduler
1.4 SQL语句
SQL语句有三种类型：
- DDL：Data Defination Language，数据定义语言
- DML：Data Manipulation Language，数据操纵语言
- DCL：Data Control Language，数据控制语言
| SQL语句类型 | 对应操作 |
|---|---|
| DDL | CREATE：创建 DROP：删除 ALTER：修改 |
| DML | INSERT：向表中插入数据 DELETE：删除表中数据 UPDATE：更新表中数据 SELECT：查询表中数据 |
| DCL | GRANT：授权 REVOKE：移除授权 |
2.mysql安装与配置
2.1 mysql安装
mysql安装方式有三种：
- 源代码：编译安装（很难用到）
- 二进制格式的程序包：展开至特定路径，并经过简单配置后即可使用（公司用的较多）
- 程序包管理器管理的程序包：
rpm：有两种
1、 OS Vendor：操作系统发行商提供的
2、项目官方提供的
deb
现在演示在虚拟机上安装mysql 5.7版本如下：
1、去官网http://dev.mysql.com/get/mysql80-community-release-el7-3.noarch.rpm下载rpm包。
2、使用xftp将文件拖入到Xshell，如图所示。
3、去Xshell查看文件。
[root@localhost ~]# ls
anaconda-ks.cfg mysql80-community-release-el7-3.noarch.rpm
4、安装mysql的安装工具。
[root@localhost ~]# rpm -ivh mysql80-community-release-el7-3.noarch.rpm
5、修改配置文件
[root@localhost ~]# cd /etc/yum.repos.d/
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# vim mysql-community.repo
# Enable to use MySQL 5.7
[mysql57-community]
name=MySQL 5.7 Community Server
baseurl=http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-5.7-community/el/7/$basearch/
enabled=1 //改为1
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql
[mysql80-community]
name=MySQL 8.0 Community Server
baseurl=http://repo.mysql.com/yum/mysql-8.0-community/el/7/$basearch/
enabled=0 //改为0
gpgcheck=1
gpgkey=file:///etc/pki/rpm-gpg/RPM-GPG-KEY-mysql
6、安装mysql。
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum module disable mysql
[root@localhost yum.repos.d]# yum -y install mysql-community-server
7、检查是否安装成功。
[root@localhost ~]# ss -antl
State Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address:Port Peer Address:Port Process
LISTEN 0 128 0.0.0.0:22 0.0.0.0:*
LISTEN 0 80 *:3306 *:*
LISTEN 0 128 [::]:22 [::]:*
2.2 mysql配置
[root@localhost ~]# grep "password" /var/log/mysqld.log
2021-04-28T15:30:51.475469Z 1 [Note] A temporary password is generated for root@localhost: V*aI4u0hh<e: //此处即为原始密码
2021-04-28T16:01:54.377778Z 2 [Note] Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
2021-04-28T16:03:15.714219Z 3 [Note] Access denied for user 'root'@'localhost' (using password: YES)
[root@localhost ~]# mysql -uroot -p
Enter password: //手动输入或者复制粘贴V*aI4u0hh<e:即可
Welcome to the MySQL monitor. Commands end with ; or \g.
Your MySQL connection id is 4
Server version: 5.7.34
Copyright (c) 2000, 2021, Oracle and/or its affiliates.
Oracle is a registered trademark of Oracle Corporation and/or its
affiliates. Other names may be trademarks of their respective
owners.
Type 'help;' or '\h' for help. Type '\c' to clear the current input statement.
mysql> //看到有这样的标识表示登录成功了
//修改mysql登录密码
mysql> set global validate_password_policy=0;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> set global validate_password_length=1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> ALTER USER 'root'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'lixirong123!'; //设置密码
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> quit
Bye
//成功设置
3. mysql的程序组成
- 客户端
mysql：CLI交互式客户端程序
mysql_secure_installation：安全初始化，强烈建议安装完以后执行此命令
mysqldump：mysql备份工具
mysqladmin：备份工具 - 服务器端
mysqld
执行安全初始化
[root@localhost ~]# mysql_secure_installation
Securing the MySQL server deployment.
Enter password for user root: //使用修改过的密码登录（默认可以回车）
The 'validate_password' plugin is installed on the server.
The subsequent steps will run with the existing configuration
of the plugin.
Using existing password for root.
Estimated strength of the password: 50
Change the password for root ? ((Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : n //是否修改root账户密码
... skipping.
By default, a MySQL installation has an anonymous user,
allowing anyone to log into MySQL without having to have
a user account created for them. This is intended only for
testing, and to make the installation go a bit smoother.
You should remove them before moving into a production
environment.
Remove anonymous users? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y //要不要移除匿名账户
Success.
Normally, root should only be allowed to connect from
'localhost'. This ensures that someone cannot guess at
the root password from the network.
Disallow root login remotely? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : n //要不要拒绝root账户远程登录
... skipping.
By default, MySQL comes with a database named 'test' that
anyone can access. This is also intended only for testing,
and should be removed before moving into a production
environment.
Remove test database and access to it? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y //删除测试数据库并访问它的权限
- Dropping test database...
Success.
- Removing privileges on test database...
Success.
Reloading the privilege tables will ensure that all changes
made so far will take effect immediately.
Reload privilege tables now? (Press y|Y for Yes, any other key for No) : Y //重新加载权限表
Success.
All done!
3.1 mysql工具使用
//语法：mysql [OPTIONS] [database]
//常用的OPTIONS：
-uUSERNAME //指定用户名，默认为root
-hHOST //指定服务器主机，默认为localhost，推荐使用ip地址
-pPASSWORD //指定用户的密码
-P# //指定数据库监听的端口，这里的#需用实际的端口号代替，如-P3307
-V //查看当前使用的mysql版本
-e //不登录mysql执行sql语句后退出，常用于脚本
3.2 服务器监听的两种socket地址
| socket类型 | 说明 |
|---|---|
| ip socket | 默认监听在tcp的3306端口，支持远程通信 |
| unix sock | 监听在sock文件上（/tmp/mysql.sock，/var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock） 仅支持本地通信，erver地址只能是：localhost，127.0.0.1 |
4. mysql数据库操作
4. mysql数据库操作
4.1 DDL操作
4.1.1 数据库操作
创建数据库
//创建数据库
//语法：CREATE DATABASE [IF NOT EXISTS] 'DB_NAME'; //中括号中的内容可有可无，它的区别在于判断你曾经是否创建过，可执行多遍，不会报错，假如不带中括号的内容如果之前创建了就会报错。
//查看当前实例有哪些数据库，执行SHOW DATABASES;的时候是不区分大小写的，一般还是写成大写，能够看得更清楚，能够区分，注意一定要带分号；。
mysql> SHOW DATABASES;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
//创建一个school应用实例
mysql> CREATE DATABASE school;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
删除数据库
//删除数据库
//语法：DROP DATABASE [IF EXISTS] 'DB_NAME'; //解释同创建数据库
//应用实例，删除school数据库
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> DROP DATABASE IF EXISTS school;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases;
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
4 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.1.2 表操作
```bash
//创建表
//语法：CREATE TABLE table_name (col1 datatype 修饰符,col2 datatype 修饰符) ENGINE='存储引擎类型';
```mysql> CREATE DATABASE hehe;
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
//应用实例，创建一个数据库呵呵和一个表格wodebiaoge
mysql> use hehe;
Database changed
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> CREATE TABLE wodebiaoge(id int not null,name varchar(100) null,age tinyint);
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.02 sec)
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
+----------------+
| Tables_in_hehe |
+----------------+
| wodebiaoge |
+----------------+
1 row in set (0.01 sec)
mysql>
//删除表格
//删除表
//语法：DROP TABLE [ IF EXISTS ] 'table_name';
//应用实例，删除wodebiaoge
mysql> DROP TABLE wodebiaoge;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> SHOW TABLES;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql>
4.1.3 用户操作
mysql用户帐号由两部分组成，如’USERNAME’@‘HOST’，表示此USERNAME只能从此HOST上远程登录
这里（‘USERNAME’@‘HOST’）的HOST用于限制此用户可通过哪些主机远程连接mysql程序，其值可为：
- IP地址，如：172.16.12.129（例如tom@172.16.12.129，表示tom只能从这个IP连接主机数据库）
- 通配符
%：匹配任意长度的任意字符，常用于设置允许从任何主机登录（例如tom@%，表示tom可以从任何主机登录）
_：匹配任意单个字符
//数据库用户创建
//语法：CREATE USER 'username'@'host' [IDENTIFIED BY 'password'];
//删除数据库用户
//语法：DROP USER 'username'@'host';
4.1.4 查看命令SHOW
mysql> show character set; //查看支持的所有字符集
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| Charset | Description | Default collation | Maxlen |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
| big5 | Big5 Traditional Chinese | big5_chinese_ci | 2 |
| dec8 | DEC West European | dec8_swedish_ci | 1 |
| cp850 | DOS West European | cp850_general_ci | 1 |
| hp8 | HP West European | hp8_english_ci | 1 |
| koi8r | KOI8-R Relcom Russian | koi8r_general_ci | 1 |
| latin1 | cp1252 West European | latin1_swedish_ci | 1 |
| latin2 | ISO 8859-2 Central European | latin2_general_ci | 1 |
| swe7 | 7bit Swedish | swe7_swedish_ci | 1 |
| ascii | US ASCII | ascii_general_ci | 1 |
| ujis | EUC-JP Japanese | ujis_japanese_ci | 3 |
| sjis | Shift-JIS Japanese | sjis_japanese_ci | 2 |
| hebrew | ISO 8859-8 Hebrew | hebrew_general_ci | 1 |
| tis620 | TIS620 Thai | tis620_thai_ci | 1 |
| euckr | EUC-KR Korean | euckr_korean_ci | 2 |
| koi8u | KOI8-U Ukrainian | koi8u_general_ci | 1 |
| gb2312 | GB2312 Simplified Chinese | gb2312_chinese_ci | 2 |
| greek | ISO 8859-7 Greek | greek_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1250 | Windows Central European | cp1250_general_ci | 1 |
| gbk | GBK Simplified Chinese | gbk_chinese_ci | 2 |
| latin5 | ISO 8859-9 Turkish | latin5_turkish_ci | 1 |
| armscii8 | ARMSCII-8 Armenian | armscii8_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8_general_ci | 3 |
| ucs2 | UCS-2 Unicode | ucs2_general_ci | 2 |
| cp866 | DOS Russian | cp866_general_ci | 1 |
| keybcs2 | DOS Kamenicky Czech-Slovak | keybcs2_general_ci | 1 |
| macce | Mac Central European | macce_general_ci | 1 |
| macroman | Mac West European | macroman_general_ci | 1 |
| cp852 | DOS Central European | cp852_general_ci | 1 |
| latin7 | ISO 8859-13 Baltic | latin7_general_ci | 1 |
| utf8mb4 | UTF-8 Unicode | utf8mb4_general_ci | 4 |
| cp1251 | Windows Cyrillic | cp1251_general_ci | 1 |
| utf16 | UTF-16 Unicode | utf16_general_ci | 4 |
| utf16le | UTF-16LE Unicode | utf16le_general_ci | 4 |
| cp1256 | Windows Arabic | cp1256_general_ci | 1 |
| cp1257 | Windows Baltic | cp1257_general_ci | 1 |
| utf32 | UTF-32 Unicode | utf32_general_ci | 4 |
| binary | Binary pseudo charset | binary | 1 |
| geostd8 | GEOSTD8 Georgian | geostd8_general_ci | 1 |
| cp932 | SJIS for Windows Japanese | cp932_japanese_ci | 2 |
| eucjpms | UJIS for Windows Japanese | eucjpms_japanese_ci | 3 |
| gb18030 | China National Standard GB18030 | gb18030_chinese_ci | 4 |
+----------+---------------------------------+---------------------+--------+
41 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show engines; //查看当前数据库支持的所有存储引擎
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| Engine | Support | Comment | Transactions | XA | Savepoints |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
| InnoDB | DEFAULT | Supports transactions, row-level locking, and foreign keys | YES | YES | YES |
| MRG_MYISAM | YES | Collection of identical MyISAM tables | NO | NO | NO |
| MEMORY | YES | Hash based, stored in memory, useful for temporary tables | NO | NO | NO |
| BLACKHOLE | YES | /dev/null storage engine (anything you write to it disappears) | NO | NO | NO |
| MyISAM | YES | MyISAM storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| CSV | YES | CSV storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| ARCHIVE | YES | Archive storage engine | NO | NO | NO |
| PERFORMANCE_SCHEMA | YES | Performance Schema | NO | NO | NO |
| FEDERATED | NO | Federated MySQL storage engine | NULL | NULL | NULL |
+--------------------+---------+----------------------------------------------------------------+--------------+------+------------+
9 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> show databases; //查看数据库信息
+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hehe |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| sys |
+--------------------+
5 rows in set (0.06 sec)
mysql> show tables from mysql; //不进入某数据库列出其所包含的表
+---------------------------+
| Tables_in_mysql |
+---------------------------+
| columns_priv |
| db |
| engine_cost |
| event |
| func |
| general_log |
| gtid_executed |
| help_category |
| help_keyword |
| help_relation |
| help_topic |
| innodb_index_stats |
| innodb_table_stats |
| ndb_binlog_index |
| plugin |
| proc |
| procs_priv |
| proxies_priv |
| server_cost |
| servers |
| slave_master_info |
| slave_relay_log_info |
| slave_worker_info |
| slow_log |
| tables_priv |
| time_zone |
| time_zone_leap_second |
| time_zone_name |
| time_zone_transition |
| time_zone_transition_type |
| user |
+---------------------------+
31 rows in set (0.00 sec)
//查看表结构
//语法：DESC [db_name.]table_name;
mysql> desc mysql.user; //查看mysql数据库下面的user表
//查看某表的创建命令
//语法：SHOW CREATE TABLE table_name;
mysql> SHOW CREATE TABLE mysql.user; //查看user表的创建命令
//查看某表的状态
//语法：SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'table_name'\G
mysql> use mysql;
mysql> SHOW TABLE STATUS LIKE 'user'\G; //查看user表的状态
4.1.5 获取帮助
//获取命令使用帮助
//语法：HELP keyword;
mysql> HELP CREATE TABLE; //获取创建表的帮助
Name: 'CREATE TABLE'
Description:
Syntax:
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
(create_definition,...)
[table_options]
[partition_options]
CREATE [TEMPORARY] TABLE [IF NOT EXISTS] tbl_name
[(create_definition,...)]
[table_options]
[partition_options]
[IGNORE | REPLACE]
[AS] query_expression
......
......
4.2 DML操作
DML操作包括增(INSERT)、删(DELETE)、改(UPDATE)、查(SELECT)，均属针对表的操作。
4.2.1 INSERT语句
//DML操作之增操作insert
//语法：INSERT [INTO] table_name [(column_name,...)] {VALUES | VALUE} (value1,...),(...),...
mysql> insert class1 (id,name,age) value (1,'tom',20); //一次插入一条记录
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from class1;
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> insert class1 (id,name,age) VALUES (2,'jerry',23),(3,'wangqing'',25),(4,'sean',28),(5,'zhangshan',26),(6,'zhangshan',20),(7,'lisi',NUULL); //一次插入多张表，将value改成values
Query OK, 6 rows affected (0.00 sec)
Records: 6 Duplicates: 0 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from class1;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-----------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | wangqing | 25 |
| 4 | sean | 28 |
| 5 | zhangshan | 26 |
| 6 | zhangshan | 20 |
| 7 | lisi | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.2.2 SELECT语句
字段column表示法
| 表示符 | 代表什么？ |
|---|---|
| * | 所有字段 |
| as | 字段别名，如col1 AS alias1当表名很长时用别名代替 |
条件判断语句WHERE
| 操作类型 | 常用操作符 |
|---|---|
| 操作符 | >，<，>=，<=，=，!= BETWEEN column# AND column# LIKE：模糊匹配 RLIKE：基于正则表达式进行模式匹配 IS NOT NULL：非空 IS NULL：空 |
| 条件逻辑操作 | AND OR NOT |
ORDER BY：排序，默认为升序（ASC）
| ORDER BY语句 | 意义 |
|---|---|
| ORDER BY ‘column_name’ | 根据column_name进行升序排序 |
| ORDER BY ‘column_name’ DESC | 根据column_name进行降序排序 |
| ORDER BY ’column_name’ LIMIT 2 | 根据column_name进行升序排序并 只取前2个结果 |
| ORDER BY ‘column_name’ LIMIT 1,2 | 根据column_name进行升序排序 并且略过第1个结果取后面的2个结果 |
//DML操作之查操作select
//语法：SELECT column1,column2,... FROM table_name [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];
```mysql> select * from class1;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-----------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | wangqing | 25 |
| 4 | sean | 28 |
| 5 | zhangshan | 26 |
| 6 | zhangshan | 20 |
| 7 | lisi | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> SELECT name FROM class1; //根据名字显示
+-----------+
| name |
+-----------+
| tom |
| jerry |
| wangqing |
| sean |
| zhangshan |
| zhangshan |
| lisi |
+-----------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class1 order by age; //根据年龄进行升序排序
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-----------+------+
| 7 | lisi | NULL |
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 6 | zhangshan | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | wangqing | 25 |
| 5 | zhangshan | 26 |
| 4 | sean | 28 |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class1 order by age desc; //根据年龄进行降序排序
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-----------+------+
| 4 | sean | 28 |
| 5 | zhangshan | 26 |
| 3 | wangqing | 25 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 6 | zhangshan | 20 |
| 7 | lisi | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class1 order by age limit 1,2; //根据年龄升序排序并且略过第1个结果取后面的2个结果
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-----------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 6 | zhangshan | 20 |
+----+-----------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class1 order by age limit 2; //根据年龄进行升序排序
并只取前2个结果
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 7 | lisi | NULL |
| 1 | tom | 20 |
+----+------+------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class1 where age >=25 and name = 'zhangshan'; //年龄大于等于25岁的名字
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-----------+------+
| 5 | zhangshan | 26 |
+----+-----------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.2.3 update语句
/DML操作之改操作update
//语法：UPDATE table_name SET column1 = new_value1[,column2 = new_value2,...] [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];
mysql> update class1 set age = 30 where name = 'lisi';
Query OK, 1 row affected (0.00 sec)
Rows matched: 1 Changed: 1 Warnings: 0
mysql> select * from class1 where name = 'lisi';
+----+------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+------+------+
| 7 | lisi | 30 |
+----+------+------+
1 row in set (0.00 sec)
4.2.4 delete语句
//DML操作之删操作delete
//语法：DELETE FROM table_name [WHERE clause] [ORDER BY 'column_name' [DESC]] [LIMIT [m,]n];
mysql> delete from class1;
Query OK, 7 rows affected (0.00 sec)
mysql> select * from class1; //删除整张表
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc class1;
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.01 sec)
4.2.5 truncate语句
truncate与delete的区别：
| 语句类型 | 特点 |
|---|---|
| delete | DELETE删除表内容时仅删除内容，但会保留表结构 DELETE语句每次删除一行，并在事务日志中为所删除的每行记录一项 可以通过回滚事务日志恢复数据 非常占用空间 |
| truncate | 删除表中所有数据，且无法恢复 表结构、约束和索引等保持不变，新添加的行计数值重置为初始值 执行速度比DELETE快，且使用的系统和事务日志资源少 通过释放存储表数据所用的数据页来删除数据，并且只在事务日志中记录页的释放 对于有外键约束引用的表，不能使用TRUNCATE TABLE删除数据 不能用于加入了索引视图的表 |
/语法：TRUNCATE table_name;
mysql> select * from class1;
+----+-----------+------+
| id | name | age |
+----+-----------+------+
| 1 | tom | 20 |
| 2 | jerry | 23 |
| 3 | wangqing | 25 |
| 4 | sean | 28 |
| 5 | zhangshan | 26 |
| 6 | zhangshan | 20 |
| 7 | lisi | NULL |
+----+-----------+------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
mysql> truncate class1;
Query OK, 0 rows affected (0.01 sec)
mysql> select * from class1;
Empty set (0.00 sec)
mysql> desc class1;
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | int(11) | NO | | NULL | |
| name | varchar(100) | NO | | NULL | |
| age | tinyint(4) | YES | | NULL | |
+-------+--------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
3 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.3 DCL操作
4.3.1 创建授权grant
权限类型(priv_type)
| 权限类型 | 代表什么 |
|---|---|
| select | 读取内容的权限 |
| insert | 插入内容的权限 |
| update | 更新内容的权限 |
| delete | 删除内容的权限 |
| all | 所有权限 |
指定要操作的对象db_name.table_name
| 表示的方法 | 释义 |
|---|---|
| * . * | 所有库的所有表 |
| db_name | 指定库的所有表 |
| db_name.table_name | 指定库的指定表 |
WITH GRANT OPTION：被授权的用户可将自己的权限副本转赠给其他用户，说白点就是将自己的权限完全复制给另一个用户。不建议使用。
mysql> show databases;+--------------------+
| Database |
+--------------------+
| information_schema |
| hehe |
| lixirong |
| mysql |
| performance_schema |
| school |
| sys |
+--------------------+
7 rows in set (0.00 sec)
//授权lixirong用户在数据库本机上登录访问所有数据库
mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'lixirong'@'localhost' IDENTIFIED BY 'lixirong123!';
//授权lixirong用户在192.168.249.140上远程登录访问lixirong数据库
mysql> GRANT ALL ON lixirong.* TO 'lixirong'@'192.168.249.140' IDENTIFIED BY 'lixirong123!';
//授权lixirong用户在所有位置上远程登录访问lixirong数据库
mysql> GRANT ALL ON *.* TO 'lixirong'@'%' IDENTIFIED BY 'lixirong123!';
4.3.2 查看授权
//查看当前用户的授权信息
mysql> show grants;
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| Grants for root@localhost |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
| GRANT ALL PRIVILEGES ON *.* TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
| GRANT PROXY ON ''@'' TO 'root'@'localhost' WITH GRANT OPTION |
+---------------------------------------------------------------------+
2 rows in set (0.00 sec)
4.3.3 取消授权REVOKE
//语法：REVOKE priv_type,... ON db_name.table_name FROM 'username'@'host';
注意：mysql服务进程启动时会读取mysql库中的所有授权表至内存中：
- GRANT或REVOKE等执行权限操作会保存于表中，mysql的服务进程会自动重读授权表，并更新至内存中
- 对于不能够或不能及时重读授权表的命令，可手动让mysql的服务进程重读授权表
mysql> FLUSH PRIVILEGES;
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