泛型(Generic)的理解和使用
泛型的定义:Jdk1.5以后出现的一种对Java语言类型的一种扩展,以支持创建可以按类型进行参数化的类,可以把类型参数看作是使用参数类型指定的类型占位符,类似形式参数是实际参数占位符一样。
使用泛型的优势:
类型安全,是编译器对泛型定义的类型做出判断限定,消除强行转化。
理解:泛型就是应用在编译时期的一种安全机制。
泛型的擦除:编译器对元素类型检查,通过检查生成class文件,通过检查的class文件将泛型标识符去掉。
泛型的使用:
泛型类:
声明带泛型的类格式:
<code class="hljs css has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">Class</span> 类名<泛型类型1,泛型类型2……><span class="hljs-rules" style="box-sizing: border-box;">{ <span class="hljs-rule" style="box-sizing: border-box;">泛型类型 变量名; 泛型类型 方法名(){}</span></span>; 返回值类型 方法名(泛型类型 变量名)<span class="hljs-rules" style="box-sizing: border-box;">{<span class="hljs-rule" style="box-sizing: border-box;">}</span></span>; }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>
使用带泛型的类:
<code class="hljs xml has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">类名<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"><<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">具体类</span>></span> 对象名= new 类名<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"><<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">具体类</span>></span>();</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>
例子:
<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">package</span> jihe; <span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/** * 需求:设计一个表示点的类,该类有两个字段,横坐标x,纵坐标y,要求坐标有三种表达形式Integer,Double,String * 分析:内部方法只有参数类型不一样,所以使用泛型简单。 **/</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">GenericDemo</span> {</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">main</span>(String[] args) { Point<Integer> p1=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Point<Integer>(); p1.setT1(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>); p1.setT2(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>); System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"("</span>+p1.getT1()+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">","</span>+p1.getT2()+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">")"</span>); Point<Double> p2=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Point<Double>(); p2.setT1(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.55</span>); p2.setT2(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5.55</span>); System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"("</span>+p2.getT1()+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">","</span>+p2.getT2()+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">")"</span>); Point<String> p3=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Point<String>(); p3.setT1(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"99"</span>); p3.setT2(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"66"</span>); System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"("</span>+p3.getT1()+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">","</span>+p3.getT2()+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">")"</span>); } } class Point<T>{ <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> T t1; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> T t2; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> T <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">getT1</span>() { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> t1; } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">setT1</span>(T t1) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.t1 = t1; } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> T <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">getT2</span>() { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> t2; } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">setT2</span>(T t2) { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.t2 = t2; } }</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">29</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">30</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">31</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">32</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">33</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">34</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">35</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">36</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">37</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">38</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">39</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">40</li></ul>
声明多个泛型和通配符
典型案例:public interface Map
<code class="hljs mathematica has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">List</span><?>list=new ArrayList<>(); list.add(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>); 会报错! 因为没有指定对象的类型,不能添加。 泛型的上线下线: 设置泛型对象的上线格式: ?extends <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">E</span> //接收<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">E</span>类型或者<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">E</span>的子类型。 ?super <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">E</span> //接收<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">E</span>类型或者<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">E</span>的父类型。</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>
<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">package jihe; import java.util.ArrayList; import java.util.List; <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> FanxingTest02 { <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">main</span>(String[] args) { List<String> l1=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ArrayList<String>(); l1.add(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"haha"</span>); show(l1); List<Double> l2=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ArrayList<Double>(); l2.add(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.45</span>); show(l2); List<Number> l3=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ArrayList<Number>(); show(l3); List<Object> l4=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ArrayList<Object>(); show(l4); <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">// up(l1); //Number 不能向下转型为String,所以会报错。</span> up(l2); up(l3); down(l3); down(l4); } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">down</span>(List<?super Number> l){ <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span>(Object obj:l){ System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(obj); } } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">up</span>(List<? extends Number> l){ <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span>(Object obj:l){ System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(obj); } } <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">show</span>(List<?> l){ <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span>(Object obj:l){ System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(obj); } } }</code>