黑马程序员——泛型(Generic)的理解和使用

泛型(Generic)的理解和使用

泛型的定义:Jdk1.5以后出现的一种对Java语言类型的一种扩展,以支持创建可以按类型进行参数化的类,可以把类型参数看作是使用参数类型指定的类型占位符,类似形式参数是实际参数占位符一样。 
使用泛型的优势: 
类型安全,是编译器对泛型定义的类型做出判断限定,消除强行转化。 
理解:泛型就是应用在编译时期的一种安全机制。 
泛型的擦除:编译器对元素类型检查,通过检查生成class文件,通过检查的class文件将泛型标识符去掉。 
泛型的使用: 
泛型类: 
声明带泛型的类格式:

<code class="hljs css has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">Class</span> 类名<泛型类型1,泛型类型2……><span class="hljs-rules" style="box-sizing: border-box;">{
    <span class="hljs-rule" style="box-sizing: border-box;">泛型类型 变量名;
    泛型类型 方法名(){}</span></span>;
    返回值类型 方法名(泛型类型 变量名)<span class="hljs-rules" style="box-sizing: border-box;">{<span class="hljs-rule" style="box-sizing: border-box;">}</span></span>;
}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li></ul>

使用带泛型的类:

<code class="hljs xml has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">类名<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"><<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">具体类</span>></span> 对象名= new 类名<span class="hljs-tag" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;"><<span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(0, 0, 136);">具体类</span>></span>();</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li></ul>

例子:

<code class="hljs java has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">package</span> jihe;
<span class="hljs-javadoc" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">/**
 * 需求:设计一个表示点的类,该类有两个字段,横坐标x,纵坐标y,要求坐标有三种表达形式Integer,Double,String
 * 分析:内部方法只有参数类型不一样,所以使用泛型简单。
 **/</span>
<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-class" style="box-sizing: border-box;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box; color: rgb(102, 0, 102);">GenericDemo</span> {</span>
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">main</span>(String[] args) {
        Point<Integer> p1=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Point<Integer>();
        p1.setT1(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5</span>);
        p1.setT2(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">6</span>);
        System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"("</span>+p1.getT1()+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">","</span>+p1.getT2()+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">")"</span>);

        Point<Double> p2=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Point<Double>();
        p2.setT1(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">4.55</span>);
        p2.setT2(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">5.55</span>);
        System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"("</span>+p2.getT1()+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">","</span>+p2.getT2()+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">")"</span>);

        Point<String> p3=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> Point<String>();
        p3.setT1(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"99"</span>);
        p3.setT2(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"66"</span>);
        System.out.println(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"("</span>+p3.getT1()+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">","</span>+p3.getT2()+<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">")"</span>);
    }
}
class Point<T>{
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> T t1;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">private</span> T t2;
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> T <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">getT1</span>() {
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> t1;
    }
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">setT1</span>(T t1) {
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.t1 = t1;
    }
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> T <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">getT2</span>() {
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">return</span> t2;
    }
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">setT2</span>(T t2) {
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">this</span>.t2 = t2;
    }

}</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">10</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">11</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">12</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">13</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">14</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">15</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">16</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">17</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">18</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">19</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">20</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">21</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">22</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">23</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">24</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">25</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">26</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">27</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">28</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">29</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">30</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">31</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">32</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">33</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">34</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">35</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">36</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">37</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">38</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">39</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">40</li></ul>

声明多个泛型和通配符 
典型案例:public interface Map

<code class="hljs mathematica has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;"><span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">List</span><?>list=new ArrayList<>();
list.add(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">1</span>);
会报错!
因为没有指定对象的类型,不能添加。

泛型的上线下线:
    设置泛型对象的上线格式:
    ?extends <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">E</span> //接收<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">E</span>类型或者<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">E</span>的子类型。
    ?super <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">E</span> //接收<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">E</span>类型或者<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">E</span>的父类型。</code><ul class="pre-numbering" style="box-sizing: border-box; position: absolute; width: 50px; top: 0px; left: 0px; margin: 0px; padding: 6px 0px 40px; border-right-width: 1px; border-right-style: solid; border-right-color: rgb(221, 221, 221); list-style: none; text-align: right; background-color: rgb(238, 238, 238);"><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">1</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">2</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">3</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">4</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">5</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">6</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">7</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">8</li><li style="box-sizing: border-box; padding: 0px 5px;">9</li></ul>
<code class="hljs cs has-numbering" style="display: block; padding: 0px; color: inherit; box-sizing: border-box; font-family: 'Source Code Pro', monospace;font-size:undefined; white-space: pre; border-radius: 0px; word-wrap: normal; background: transparent;">package jihe;

import java.util.ArrayList;
import java.util.List;

<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">class</span> FanxingTest02 {

    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">main</span>(String[] args) {
        List<String> l1=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ArrayList<String>();
        l1.add(<span class="hljs-string" style="color: rgb(0, 136, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">"haha"</span>);
        show(l1);

        List<Double> l2=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ArrayList<Double>();
        l2.add(<span class="hljs-number" style="color: rgb(0, 102, 102); box-sizing: border-box;">3.45</span>);
        show(l2);

        List<Number> l3=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ArrayList<Number>();
        show(l3);

        List<Object> l4=<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">new</span> ArrayList<Object>();
        show(l4);
        <span class="hljs-comment" style="color: rgb(136, 0, 0); box-sizing: border-box;">//      up(l1);  //Number 不能向下转型为String,所以会报错。</span>
        up(l2);
        up(l3);

        down(l3);
        down(l4);

    }

    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">down</span>(List<?super Number> l){
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span>(Object obj:l){
            System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(obj);
        }
    }
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">up</span>(List<? extends Number> l){
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span>(Object obj:l){
            System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(obj);
        }
    }
    <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">public</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">static</span> <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">void</span> <span class="hljs-title" style="box-sizing: border-box;">show</span>(List<?> l){
        <span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">for</span>(Object obj:l){
            System.<span class="hljs-keyword" style="color: rgb(0, 0, 136); box-sizing: border-box;">out</span>.println(obj);
        }

    }

}</code>
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