线程和进程的区别:进程是一个“执行中的程序”,通常在一个进程中可以包含若干个线程,它们可以利用进程所拥有的资源。在引入线程的操作系统中,通常都是把进程作为分配资源的基本单位,而把线程作为独立运行和独立调度的基本单位。子进程和父进程有不同的代码和数据空间,而多个线程则共享数据空间,每个线程有自己的执行堆栈和程序计数器为其执行
Linux系统下的多线程遵循POSIX线程接口,称为pthread,多线程程序,需要使用头文件pthread.h,连接时需要使用库libpthread.a
创建线程:#include <pthreead.h>
int pthread_create(pthread_t* tidp,const pthread_attr_t* attr,void*(*start_rtn)(void),void *arg);
//tidp线程id,attr线程属性(通常为空),start_rtn线程要执行的函数,arg为要执行函数的参数
<span style="font-size:14px;">//thread_create.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
void *mythread(void)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<3;i++)
{
printf("this is the pthread by baoyu\n");
sleep(1);
}
}
int main()
{
pthread_t id1;
int ret=0,i=0;
//创建线程
ret=pthred_creat(&id1,NULL,(void *)mythread,NULL);
if(ret)
{
printf("create pthread error\n");
return 1;
}</span><span style="font-size:18px;">
pthread_join(&id1,NULL);
return 0;
}</span>
编译:gcc filename-lpthread -o filaname//加入pthread库
创建线程时传入参数:
//thread_int.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
void *create(void *arg)
{
int *num;
num=(int *)arg;
printf("create parameter is %d\n",*num);
return (void *)0;
}
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
pthread_t tdip;
int error;
int test=4;
int *attr=&test;
//创建线程
error=pthread_create(&tdip,NULL,(void *)create,(void *)attr);
if(error)
{
printf("create pthread error\n");
return -1;
}
sleep(1);
printf(" pthread created\n");
return 0;
}
线程共享变量
//thread_share.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
int a=1;
void *create(void *arg)
{
printf("new pthread...\n");
printf("a= %d\n",a);
return (void *)0;
}
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
pthread_t tdip;
int error;
int a=4;
printf("a= %d\n",a);
//创建线程
error=pthread_create(&tdip,NULL,(void *)create,NULL);
if(error)
{
printf("create pthread error\n");
return -1;
}
sleep(1);
printf(" pthread created\n");
return 0;
}
终止线程:如果任何一个线程中调用exit或_exit,那么整个进程都会终止。线程的正常退出方式有:
(1)线程从启动例程中返回
(2)线程可以被另一个进程终止
(3)线程自己调用pthread_exit函数
void pthread_exit(void* rval_ptr);
//功能:终止调用线程,rval_ptr是线程退出返回值的指针。
//thread_exit.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
void *create(void *arg)
{
printf("new pthread...\n");
return (void *)8;
}
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
pthread_t tdip;
int error;
void *temp;
//创建线程
error=pthread_create(&tdip,NULL,(void *)create,NULL);
printf("main pthread\n");
if(error)
{
printf("create pthread error\n");
return -1;
}
error=pthread_join(tdip,&temp);
if(error)
{
printf("pthread is not exit\n");
return -2;
}
printf(" pthread is exit code\n",temp);
return 0;
}
线程等待:int pthread_join(pthread_t tid,void **rval_ptr);
//tid等待退出的线程pid,rval_ptr线程退出的返回值指针
//thread_join.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
void *create(void *arg)
{
int i;
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
sleep(2);
printf("this is the new pthread:%d\n",i);
}
return NULL;
}
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
pthread_t tdip;
int error;
int i;
//创建线程
error=pthread_create(&tdip,NULL,(void *)create,(void*)(i));
pthread_join(tdip,NULL);
printf("123\n");
if(error)
{
printf("create pthread error\n");
return -1;
}
for(i=0;i<10;i++)
{
sleep(1);
printf(" this is the main:%d\n",i);
}
return 0;
}
线程标识:pthread_t pthread_self(void);//获取调用线程的ID
//thread_id.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>//getpid();
void *create(void *arg)
{
printf("new pthread\n");
printf("this pthread's id:%u\n",(unsigned int)pthread_self());
printf("this process pid is:%d\n",getpid());
return (void*)0;
}
int main(int argc,char *argv[])
{
pthread_t tdip;
int error;
//创建线程
error=pthread_create(&tdip,NULL,(void *)create,NULL);
if(error)
{
printf("create pthread error\n");
return -1;
}
printf("the main process's pid is %d \n",getpid());
sleep(1);
return 0;
}
清除:线程非正常退出时释放占用资源
void pthread_cleanup_push(void(*rtn)(void *),void *arg)
void pthread_cleanup_pop(int execute)//将清除函数弹出清除栈 ,execute是否在弹出时是否执行清除函数,0不执行,非0执行。
//thread_clear.c
#include <stdio.h>
#include <pthread.h>
#include <unistd.h>
void *clean(void* arg)
{
printf("cleanup: %s \n",(char*)arg);
return (void*)0;
}
void *create(void *arg)
{
printf("new pthread\n");
pthread_cleanup_push((void*)clean,"thread 1 first handler");
pthread_cleanup_push((void*)clean,"thread 1 second handler");
printf("thread 1 push complete\n");
if(arg)
{
return (void*)1;
}
pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
pthread_cleanup_pop(0);
return (void*)1;
}
int main(void)
{
pthread_t tdip;
int error;
void* tret;
//创建线程
error=pthread_create(&tdip,NULL,(void *)create,(void*)1);
if(error)
{
printf("create pthread error\n");
return -1;
}
error=pthread_join(tdip,&tret);
printf("pthread exit code is %d \n",(int tret));
sleep(1);
return 0;
}