Redis学习笔记：（六）Redis持久化

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分类专栏： Redis 文章标签： redis 持久化 AOF RDB

本文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/aawmx123/article/details/109631426

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持久化

Redis 提供了 RDB 和 AOF 两种持久化⽅式：

RDB（Redis DataBase）持久化方式能够在指定的时间间隔能对你的数据进行快照存储.实际操作是通过 fork ⼦进程执⾏，采⽤⼆进制压缩存储；
AOF（Append Only File）持久化方式记录每次对服务器写的操作,当服务器重启的时候会重新执行这些命令来恢复原始的数据,AOF命令以redis协议追加保存每次写的操作到文件末尾.Redis还能对AOF文件进行后台重写,使得AOF文件的体积不至于过大.
如果只希望数据在服务器运行的时候存在,也可以不使用任何持久化方式.
也可以同时开启两种持久化方式, 在这种情况下, 当redis重启的时候会优先载入AOF文件来恢复原始的数据,因为在通常情况下AOF文件保存的数据集要比RDB文件保存的数据集要完整.

最重要的事情是了解RDB和AOF持久化方式的不同,让我们以RDB持久化方式开始:

RDB

RDB持久化是将当前进程中的数据生成快照保存到硬盘(因此也称作快照持久化)，保存的文件后缀是rdb；当Redis重新启动时，可以读取快照文件恢复数据。
持久化时会单独创建（fork）一个子进程来进行持久化，会先将数据写入到一个临时文件中，待持久化过程都结束了，再用这个临时文件替换上次持久化好的文件。整个过程中，主进程是不进行任何IO操作的，这就确保了极高的性能。

Fork的作用是复制一个与当前进程一样的进程。新进程的所有数据（变量、环境变量、程序计数器等）数值都和原进程一致，但是是一个全新的进程，并作为原进程的子进程
rdb 保存的是dump.rdb文件
相关配置在配置文件的位置 - 在redis.conf搜寻### SNAPSHOTTING ###

Redis rdb相关配置文件

################################ SNAPSHOTTING  ################################
#
# Save the DB on disk:
#
#   save <seconds> <changes>
#
#   Will save the DB if both the given number of seconds and the given
#   number of write operations against the DB occurred.
#
#   In the example below the behaviour will be to save:
#   after 900 sec (15 min) if at least 1 key changed
#   after 300 sec (5 min) if at least 10 keys changed
#   after 60 sec if at least 10000 keys changed
#
#   Note: you can disable saving completely by commenting out all "save" lines.
#
#   It is also possible to remove all the previously configured save
#   points by adding a save directive with a single empty string argument
#   like in the following example:
#
#   save ""

save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000

# By default Redis will stop accepting writes if RDB snapshots are enabled
# (at least one save point) and the latest background save failed.
# This will make the user aware (in a hard way) that data is not persisting
# on disk properly, otherwise chances are that no one will notice and some
# disaster will happen.
#
# If the background saving process will start working again Redis will
# automatically allow writes again.
#
# However if you have setup your proper monitoring of the Redis server
# and persistence, you may want to disable this feature so that Redis will
# continue to work as usual even if there are problems with disk,
# permissions, and so forth.
stop-writes-on-bgsave-error yes

# Compress string objects using LZF when dump .rdb databases?
# For default that's set to 'yes' as it's almost always a win.
# If you want to save some CPU in the saving child set it to 'no' but
# the dataset will likely be bigger if you have compressible values or keys.
rdbcompression yes

# Since version 5 of RDB a CRC64 checksum is placed at the end of the file.
# This makes the format more resistant to corruption but there is a performance
# hit to pay (around 10%) when saving and loading RDB files, so you can disable it
# for maximum performances.
#
# RDB files created with checksum disabled have a checksum of zero that will
# tell the loading code to skip the check.
rdbchecksum yes

# The filename where to dump the DB
dbfilename dump.rdb

# Remove RDB files used by replication in instances without persistence
# enabled. By default this option is disabled, however there are environments
# where for regulations or other security concerns, RDB files persisted on
# disk by masters in order to feed replicas, or stored on disk by replicas
# in order to load them for the initial synchronization, should be deleted
# ASAP. Note that this option ONLY WORKS in instances that have both AOF
# and RDB persistence disabled, otherwise is completely ignored.
#
# An alternative (and sometimes better) way to obtain the same effect is
# to use diskless replication on both master and replicas instances. However
# in the case of replicas, diskless is not always an option.
rdb-del-sync-files no

# The working directory.
#
# The DB will be written inside this directory, with the filename specified
# above using the 'dbfilename' configuration directive.
#
# The Append Only File will also be created inside this directory.
#
# Note that you must specify a directory here, not a file name.
dir ./

如何触发RDB快照

自动触发

按照配置文件中默认的快照配置触发，save <seconds> <changes>表示在一定时间内有多少次修改，触发快照
```
save 900 1
save 300 10
save 60 10000
```

手动触发
执行save/bgsave命令触发快照

# save时只管保存，其它不管，全部阻塞
SAVE
# Redis会在后台异步进行快照操作， 快照同时还可以响应客户端请求。可以通过lastsave 命令获取最后一次成功执行快照的时间
BGSAVE

执行flushall命令，也会产生dump.rdb文件，但里面是空的，无意义

如何恢复

将备份文件 (dump.rdb) 移动到 redis 安装目录并启动服务即可

如何停止

如果想禁用RDB持久化的策略，只要不设置任何save指令，或者给save传入一个空字符串参数也可以

save ""

动态所有停止RDB

redis-cli config set save ""

RDB的优劣势

RDB的优点

RDB是一个非常紧凑的文件,它保存了某个时间点得数据集,非常适用于数据集的备份,比如你可以在每个小时报保存一下过去24小时内的数据,同时每天保存过去30天的数据,这样即使出了问题你也可以根据需求恢复到不同版本的数据集.（可以使用脚本没小时，或者每天将备份文件备份到其他主机保存）
RDB是一个紧凑的单一文件,很方便传送到另一个远端数据中心或者亚马逊的S3（可能加密），非常适用于灾难恢复.
RDB在保存RDB文件时父进程唯一需要做的就是fork出一个子进程,接下来的工作全部由子进程来做，父进程不需要再做其他IO操作，所以RDB持久化方式可以最大化redis的性能.
与AOF相比,在恢复大的数据集的时候，RDB方式会更快一些.

RDB的缺点

如果你希望在redis意外停止工作（例如电源中断）的情况下丢失的数据最少的话，那么RDB不适合你.虽然你可以配置不同的save时间点(例如每隔5分钟并且对数据集有100个写的操作),是Redis要完整的保存整个数据集是一个比较繁重的工作,你通常会每隔5分钟或者更久做一次完整的保存,万一在Redis意外宕机,你可能会丢失几分钟的数据.
RDB 需要经常fork子进程来保存数据集到硬盘上,当数据集比较大的时候,fork的过程是非常耗时的,可能会导致Redis在一些毫秒级内不能响应客户端的请求.如果数据集巨大并且CPU性能不是很好的情况下,这种情况会持续1秒,AOF也需要fork,但是你可以调节重写日志文件的频率来提高数据集的耐久度.

AOF（Append Only File）

AOF以日志的形式来记录每个写操作，将Redis执行过的所有写指令记录下来(读操作不记录)，只许追加文件但不可以改写文件，redis启动之初会读取该文件重新构建数据，换言之，redis 重启的话就根据日志文件的内容将写指令从前到后执行一次以完成数据的恢复工作

AOF配置

相关配置在配置文件的位置 - 在redis.conf搜寻### APPEND ONLY MODE ###
aof保存的是appendonly.aof文件（在配置文件可修改文件名）

############################## APPEND ONLY MODE ###############################

# By default Redis asynchronously dumps the dataset on disk. This mode is
# good enough in many applications, but an issue with the Redis process or
# a power outage may result into a few minutes of writes lost (depending on
# the configured save points).
#
# The Append Only File is an alternative persistence mode that provides
# much better durability. For instance using the default data fsync policy
# (see later in the config file) Redis can lose just one second of writes in a
# dramatic event like a server power outage, or a single write if something
# wrong with the Redis process itself happens, but the operating system is
# still running correctly.
#
# AOF and RDB persistence can be enabled at the same time without problems.
# If the AOF is enabled on startup Redis will load the AOF, that is the file
# with the better durability guarantees.
#
# Please check http://redis.io/topics/persistence for more information.

appendonly yes

# The name of the append only file (default: "appendonly.aof")

appendfilename "appendonly.aof"

# The fsync() call tells the Operating System to actually write data on disk
# instead of waiting for more data in the output buffer. Some OS will really flush
# data on disk, some other OS will just try to do it ASAP.
#
# Redis supports three different modes:
#
# no: don't fsync, just let the OS flush the data when it wants. Faster.
# always: fsync after every write to the append only log. Slow, Safest.
# everysec: fsync only one time every second. Compromise.
#
# The default is "everysec", as that's usually the right compromise between
# speed and data safety. It's up to you to understand if you can relax this to
# "no" that will let the operating system flush the output buffer when
# it wants, for better performances (but if you can live with the idea of
# some data loss consider the default persistence mode that's snapshotting),
# or on the contrary, use "always" that's very slow but a bit safer than
# everysec.
#
# More details please check the following article:
# http://antirez.com/post/redis-persistence-demystified.html
#
# If unsure, use "everysec".

# appendfsync always
appendfsync everysec
# appendfsync no

# When the AOF fsync policy is set to always or everysec, and a background
# saving process (a background save or AOF log background rewriting) is
# performing a lot of I/O against the disk, in some Linux configurations
# Redis may block too long on the fsync() call. Note that there is no fix for
# this currently, as even performing fsync in a different thread will block
# our synchronous write(2) call.
#
# In order to mitigate this problem it's possible to use the following option
# that will prevent fsync() from being called in the main process while a
# BGSAVE or BGREWRITEAOF is in progress.
#
# This means that while another child is saving, the durability of Redis is
# the same as "appendfsync none". In practical terms, this means that it is
# possible to lose up to 30 seconds of log in the worst scenario (with the
# default Linux settings).
#
# If you have latency problems turn this to "yes". Otherwise leave it as
# "no" that is the safest pick from the point of view of durability.

no-appendfsync-on-rewrite no

# Automatic rewrite of the append only file.
# Redis is able to automatically rewrite the log file implicitly calling
# BGREWRITEAOF when the AOF log size grows by the specified percentage.
#
# This is how it works: Redis remembers the size of the AOF file after the
# latest rewrite (if no rewrite has happened since the restart, the size of
# the AOF at startup is used).
#
# This base size is compared to the current size. If the current size is
# bigger than the specified percentage, the rewrite is triggered. Also
# you need to specify a minimal size for the AOF file to be rewritten, this
# is useful to avoid rewriting the AOF file even if the percentage increase
# is reached but it is still pretty small.
#
# Specify a percentage of zero in order to disable the automatic AOF
# rewrite feature.

auto-aof-rewrite-percentage 100
auto-aof-rewrite-min-size 64mb

# An AOF file may be found to be truncated at the end during the Redis
# startup process, when the AOF data gets loaded back into memory.
# This may happen when the system where Redis is running
# crashes, especially when an ext4 filesystem is mounted without the
# data=ordered option (however this can't happen when Redis itself
# crashes or aborts but the operating system still works correctly).
#
# Redis can either exit with an error when this happens, or load as much
# data as possible (the default now) and start if the AOF file is found
# to be truncated at the end. The following option controls this behavior.
#
# If aof-load-truncated is set to yes, a truncated AOF file is loaded and
# the Redis server starts emitting a log to inform the user of the event.
# Otherwise if the option is set to no, the server aborts with an error
# and refuses to start. When the option is set to no, the user requires
# to fix the AOF file using the "redis-check-aof" utility before to restart
# the server.
#
# Note that if the AOF file will be found to be corrupted in the middle
# the server will still exit with an error. This option only applies when
# Redis will try to read more data from the AOF file but not enough bytes
# will be found.
aof-load-truncated yes

# When rewriting the AOF file, Redis is able to use an RDB preamble in the
# AOF file for faster rewrites and recoveries. When this option is turned
# on the rewritten AOF file is composed of two different stanzas:
#
#   [RDB file][AOF tail]
#
# When loading Redis recognizes that the AOF file starts with the "REDIS"
# string and loads the prefixed RDB file, and continues loading the AOF
# tail.
aof-use-rdb-preamble yes

AOF启动/修复/恢复

正常恢复
启动：设置Yes
修改默认的appendonly no，改为yes
将有数据的aof文件复制一份保存到对应目录(config get dir)
恢复：重启redis然后重新加载
异常恢复
启动：设置Yes
修改默认的appendonly no，改为yes
备份被写坏的AOF文件
修复：
Redis-check-aof --fix进行修复
恢复：重启redis然后重新加载

当使用 AOF 方式做持久化的时候， Redis 会使用单个 write(2) 命令将事务写入到磁盘中。然而，如果 Redis 服务器因为某些原因被管理员杀死，或者遇上某种硬件故障，那么可能只有部分事务命令会被成功写入到磁盘中。如果 Redis 在重新启动时发现 AOF 文件出了这样的问题，那么它会退出，并汇报一个错误。使用redis-check-aof程序可以修复这一问题：它会移除 AOF 文件中不完整事务的信息，确保服务器可以顺利启动。

rewrite

AOF采用文件追加方式，文件会越来越大。为避免出现此种情况，新增了重写机制，当AOF文件的大小超过所设定的阈值时，Redis就会启动AOF文件的内容压缩，只保留可以恢复数据的最小指令集。可以使用命令bgrewriteaof

重写原理
AOF文件持续增长而过大时，会fork出一条新进程来将文件重写(也是先写临时文件最后再rename)，遍历新进程的内存中数据，每条记录有一条的Set语句。重写aof文件的操作，并没有读取旧的aof文件，而是将整个内存中的数据库内容用命令的方式重写了一个新的aof文件，这点和快照有点类似

触发机制
Redis会记录上次重写时的AOF大小，默认配置是当AOF文件大小是上次rewrite后大小的一倍且文件大于64M时触发

AOF的优劣势

AOF 优点

使用AOF 会让你的Redis更加耐久: 你可以使用不同的fsync策略：无fsync,每秒fsync,每次写的时候fsync.使用默认的每秒fsync策略,Redis的性能依然很好(fsync是由后台线程进行处理的,主线程会尽力处理客户端请求),一旦出现故障，你最多丢失1秒的数据.
AOF文件是一个只进行追加的日志文件,所以不需要写入seek,即使由于某些原因(磁盘空间已满，写的过程中宕机等等)未执行完整的写入命令,你也也可使用redis-check-aof工具修复这些问题.
Redis 可以在 AOF 文件体积变得过大时，自动地在后台对 AOF 进行重写：重写后的新 AOF 文件包含了恢复当前数据集所需的最小命令集合。整个重写操作是绝对安全的，因为 Redis 在创建新 AOF 文件的过程中，会继续将命令追加到现有的 AOF 文件里面，即使重写过程中发生停机，现有的 AOF 文件也不会丢失。而一旦新 AOF 文件创建完毕，Redis 就会从旧 AOF 文件切换到新 AOF 文件，并开始对新 AOF 文件进行追加操作。
AOF 文件有序地保存了对数据库执行的所有写入操作，这些写入操作以 Redis 协议的格式保存，因此 AOF 文件的内容非常容易被人读懂，对文件进行分析（parse）也很轻松。导出（export） AOF 文件也非常简单：举个例子，如果你不小心执行了 FLUSHALL 命令，但只要 AOF 文件未被重写，那么只要停止服务器，移除 AOF 文件末尾的 FLUSHALL 命令，并重启 Redis ，就可以将数据集恢复到 FLUSHALL 执行之前的状态。

AOF 缺点

对于相同的数据集来说，AOF 文件的体积通常要大于 RDB 文件的体积。
根据所使用的 fsync 策略，AOF 的速度可能会慢于 RDB 。在一般情况下，每秒 fsync 的性能依然非常高，而关闭 fsync 可以让 AOF 的速度和 RDB 一样快，即使在高负荷之下也是如此。不过在处理巨大的写入载入时，RDB 可以提供更有保证的最大延迟时间（latency）。