总体思路：TF卡 + USB3.0 U盘 + SSD（STAT3/M2，最好M2，或者能自供电的，供电不足影响性能）【TF卡提供Bootloader，SSD提供swap和/】
树莓派SSD安装CentOS 7 x64
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需要一个8G+的U盘，一个8G+的TF卡和一个SSD
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TF卡提供boot分区，SSD提供swap分区和/分区
将raspios刷入TF卡
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启动树莓派，配置国内的软件源（注意软件源的版本要对应，2020-08-20的版本代号是buster）
[root@rpi ~]# cp /etc/apt/sources.list /etc/apt/sources.list.bak
[root@rpi ~]# cp /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list.bak
[root@rpi ~]# nano /etc/apt/sources.list
deb http://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/raspbian/raspbian/ buster main contrib non-free rpi
deb-src http://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/raspbian/raspbian/ buster main contrib non-free rpi
[root@rpi ~]# nano /etc/apt/sources.list.d/raspi.list
deb http://mirror.tuna.tsinghua.edu.cn/raspberrypi/ buster main ui-
更新系统
[root@rpi ~]# apt-get update
[root@rpi ~]# apt-get full-upgrade-
查看bootlaoder的版本
[root@rpi ~]# vcgencmd bootloader_version-
插入准备好的U盘，使用树莓派提供的SD卡复制工具将TF卡复制到U盘
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关机后移除TF卡，然后接入U盘，在启动树莓派
把CentOS 7刷入TF卡和SSD
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刷镜像软件：balenaEtcher
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CentOS 7 x64 镜像：CentOS-Userland-7-aarch64-RaspberryPI-Minimal-4-2003-sda.raw.xz
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刷入TF卡和SSD中的镜像为同一个
在raspios中修改TF卡中的CentOS
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将TF卡接入树莓派载板的接口，TF卡会自动挂载到/media目录下
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修改TF卡中CentOS的磁盘ID
[root@rpi ~]# fdisk /dev/mmcblk0
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 15.9 GB, 15931539456 bytes, 31116288 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000d9655
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/mmcblk0p1 * 8192 593919 292864 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/mmcblk0p2 593920 1593343 499712 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/mmcblk0p3 1593344 31116254 14761455+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): x
Expert command (m for help): i
New disk identifier (current 0x000d9655): 0x000d9876
Disk identifier: 0x000d9876
Expert command (m for help): r
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table.
WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy.
The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at
the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8)
Syncing disks.
[root@rpi ~]# partprobe-
验证磁盘ID已经修改
[root@rpi ~]# fdisk -l /dev/mmcblk0
Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 15.9 GB, 15931539456 bytes, 31116288 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000d9876
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/mmcblk0p1 * 8192 593919 292864 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/mmcblk0p2 593920 1593343 499712 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/mmcblk0p3 1593344 31116254 14761455+ 83 Linux-
修改/分区的UUID
[root@rpi etc]# blkid
/dev/mmcblk0p1: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="D0C4-6DF8" TYPE="vfat"
/dev/mmcblk0p2: LABEL="_swap" UUID="99e4e43b-f510-4005-9564-580b94d47747" TYPE="swap"
/dev/mmcblk0p3: LABEL="_/" UUID="eaa5283c-9502-4ff5-9814-30624efbb7c1" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/mmcblk0: PTTYPE="dos"
[root@rpi ~]# tune2fs -U random /dev/mmcblk0p3
tune2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013)
[root@rpi ~]# blkid
/dev/mmcblk0p1: SEC_TYPE="msdos" UUID="D0C4-6DF8" TYPE="vfat"
/dev/mmcblk0p2: LABEL="_swap" UUID="99e4e43b-f510-4005-9564-580b94d47747" TYPE="swap"
/dev/mmcblk0p3: LABEL="_/" UUID="48275800-face-4943-bacb-c5a261a4dad2" TYPE="ext4"
/dev/mmcblk0: PTTYPE="dos"
执行tune2fs命令后，可以看到/分区的UUID已经发生改变，接下来需要将新的/分区的UUID保存到CentOS的/etc/fstab中
[root@rpi ~]# vim /media/pi/_/etc/fstab
UUID=48275800-face-4943-bacb-c5a261a4dad2 / ext4 defaults,noatime 0 0
UUID=D0C4-6DF8 /boot vfat defaults,noatime 0 0
UUID=99e4e43b-f510-4005-9564-580b94d47747 swap swap defaults,noatime 0 0-
删除CentOS的swap分区
[root@rpi ~]# fdisk /dev/mmcblk0
Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2).
Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them.
Be careful before using the write command.
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 15.9 GB, 15931539456 bytes, 31116288 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000d9876
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/mmcblk0p1 * 8192 593919 292864 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/mmcblk0p2 593920 1593343 499712 82 Linux swap / Solaris
/dev/mmcblk0p3 1593344 31116254 14761455+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): d
Partition number (1-3, default 3): 2
Partition 2 is deleted
Command (m for help): p
Disk /dev/mmcblk0: 15.9 GB, 15931539456 bytes, 31116288 sectors
Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes
Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes
Disk label type: dos
Disk identifier: 0x000d9655
Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System
/dev/mmcblk0p1 * 8192 593919 292864 c W95 FAT32 (LBA)
/dev/mmcblk0p3 1593344 31116254 14761455+ 83 Linux
Command (m for help): w
The partition table has been altered!
Command (m for help): q
删除swap分区后，需要把/etc/fstab中的自动挂载项也去掉
[root@rpi ~]# vim /media/pi/_/etc/fstab
UUID=48275800-face-4943-bacb-c5a261a4dad2 / ext4 defaults,noatime 0 0
UUID=D0C4-6DF8 /boot vfat defaults,noatime 0 0-
修改CentOS中的/boot/cmdline.txt，指定root（即/分区）所在的分区
由于SSD（SATA）通过USB接口接入，所以SSD会被识别为/dev/sda，而CentOS系统包好三个分区，即：
/boot、swap和/,所以root=/dev/sda3
[root@rpi etc]# cp /media/pi/boot/cmdline.txt /media/pi/boot/cmdline.txt.bak
[root@rpi etc]# vim /media/pi/boot/cmdline.txt
console=ttyAMA0,115200 console=tty1 root=/dev/sda3 rootfstype=ext4 elevator=deadline rootwait-
关闭树莓派，移除U盘
USB2.0 + SSD 启动CentOS
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TF卡接入树莓派载板自带的接口
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SSD接入树莓派载板的USB2.0接口
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接通电源，正常进入CentOS 7，默认账号：root，密码：centos
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查看boot分区是否为TF卡提供，swap分区和/分区是否为SSD提供
[root@rpi ~]# lsblk
NAME MAJ:MIN RM SIZE RO TYPE MOUNTPOINT
mmcblk0 179:0 0 14.9G 0 disk
├─mmcblk0p3 179:3 0 14.1G 0 part
└─mmcblk0p1 179:1 0 286M 0 part /boot
sda 8:0 0 238.5G 0 disk
├─sda2 8:2 0 488M 0 part [SWAP]
├─sda3 8:3 0 237.7G 0 part /
└─sda1 8:1 0 286M 0 part -
再次校验/分区所在的磁盘分区
[root@rpi ~]# findmnt -n -o SOURCE /
/dev/sda3USB3.0 + SSD 启动CentOS
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将SSD从USB2.0中移除，接入USB3.0接口，启动树莓派
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启动如果卡住了，则可能是UAS造成的，需要在/boot/cmdline.txt中配置quirks，配置格式：storage.quirks=idVendor1:idProduct1:u[,idVendor2:idProduct2:u,idVendor3:idProduct3:u]
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把SSD接回USB2.0接口，启动树莓派
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使用lsusb获取SSD的idVendor和idProduct（需安装usbutils： yum install -y usbutils）
[root@rpi ~]# lsusb
Bus 002 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0003 Linux Foundation 3.0 root hub
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 152d:0578 JMicron Technology Corp. / JMicron USA Technology Corp. JMS567 SATA 6Gb/s bridge
Bus 001 Device 002: ID 2109:3431 VIA Labs, Inc. Hub
Bus 001 Device 001: ID 1d6b:0002 Linux Foundation 2.0 root hub
在上面的信息中，找到
Bus 001 Device 003: ID 152d:0578 JMicron Technology Corp. / JMicron USA Technology Corp. JMS567 SATA 6Gb/s bridge
其中，152d:0578就是idVendor和idProduct-
在cmdline.txt中指定SSD的idVendor和idProduct
[root@rpi ~]# vim /boot/cmdline.txt
usb-storage.quirks=152d:0578:u console=ttyAMA0,115200 console=tty1 root=/dev/sda3 rootfstype=ext4 elevator=deadline rootwait
只需要把“usb-storage.quirks=152d:0578:u”添加到行首即可-
关闭树莓派，将SSD接入USB3.0接口，重新启动树莓派即可
测试SSD的读写速度
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使用dd命令测试SSD的读写速度
[root@rpi ~]# time dd if=/dev/zero of=data bs=8k count=50000 oflag=direct
50000+0 records in
50000+0 records out
409600000 bytes (410 MB) copied, 4.70217 s, 87.2 MB/s
real 0m4.702s
user 0m0.023s
sys 0m1.779s
[root@rpi ~]# dd if=data of=/dev/null bs=8k count=50000
50000+0 records in
50000+0 records out
409600000 bytes (410 MB) copied, 1.83391 s, 223 MB/s
[root@rpi ~]# rm -rf data
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