Meta最新模型LLaMA细节与代码详解_llama模型结构

于 2024-08-10 09:00:00 发布
阅读量1 收藏
点赞数
文章标签： stable diffusion 前端 ui AIGC
原文链接：https://blog.csdn.net/weixin_44826203/article/details/129255185?spm=1001.2100.3001.7377&utm_medium=distribute.pc_feed_blog_category.none-task-blog-classify_tag-1-129255185-null-null.nonecase&depth_1-utm_source=distribute.pc_feed_blog_category.none-task-bl
版权

Meta最新模型LLaMA细节与代码详解

0. 简介

今天介绍的内容是Facebook Meta AI最新提出的语言模型LLaMA，该模型声称以更小的体积，在多数任务上超越了GPT-3的性能。

模型相关项目已经开源：
https://github.com/facebookresearch/llama

论文地址：https://scontent-tpe1-1.xx.fbcdn.net/v/t39.8562-6/333078981_693988129081760_4712707815225756708_n.pdf?_nc_cat=108&ccb=1-7&_nc_sid=ad8a9d&_nc_ohc=ov6yTHfLfNQAX-guxqd&_nc_ht=scontent-tpe1-1.xx&oh=00_AfDMyTEYewg-cHT9_4_sUaW5h0gqrqwjcNMylD9HtVFCWA&oe=6401C9E2

由于模型较大，目前的设备暂时没有办法支持进一步的实验，但是其模型代码已经开源，所以可以先通过代码了解一下模型结构上的一些细节，今天就针对github上放出的代码，了解一下模型的细节。

此外，该模型其实就是transformer做了一点细节上的改进，真正更有价值的工作应该在数据和训练方面。通过阅读代码，可以对transformer的基础构造进行复习，并且了解大模型如何在多卡上分布推理。
由于该项目源码几乎没有注释，这就肯定会给很多同学阅读时带来困扰，所以本文顺带着就把代码部分详细的介绍一下。

1. 项目环境依赖

此项目给出的环境依赖只有4个：

  • torch
  • fairscale
  • fire
  • sentencepiece

其中torch不比多讲，fairscale是用来做GPU分布的，一般是当使用DDP仍然遇到超显存的问题时使用fairscale。目前fairscale我还没有试过，在下文的源码介绍中，我会用torch中对应的基础网络替代fairscale中的结构层进行介绍。fire是一个命令行工具，用或者不用他都可以，sentencepiece是用于tokenizer的工具包，会在tokenizer部分简单介绍。

2. 模型细节

由于该模型就是用的transformer的decoder，所以在结构上它与GPT是非常类似的，只是有一些细节需要注意一下。

2.1 RMS Pre-Norm

关于Pre-Norm和Post-Norm是神经网络中老生常谈的话题，目前比较普遍的被大家接受的结论是，相同的深度条件下，Post-Norm的效果要优于Pre-Norm，因为Pre-Norm实际上相当于通过了一个更宽的网络而非更深的网络，所以在同等深度下，Pre-Norm的实际效果相当于一个更浅却更宽的网络，详细的推理过程参考：https://spaces.ac.cn/archives/9009。

然而在LLaMA中却采用了Pre-Norm，或许是因为模型够深（7B，13B，30B，65B的模型，transformer layer数量分别为32，40，60，80），而Pre-Norm的恒等分支更加明显，有利于梯度的传播（这部分暂时没有想到很合理的解释，如果有更好的理解，欢迎在评论区补充）。

RMS Norm（Root Mean Square Layer Normalization），是一般LayerNorm的一种变体，可以在梯度下降时令损失更加平滑。

与layerNorm相比，RMS Norm的主要区别在于去掉了减去均值的部分（re-centering），只保留方差部分（re-scaling），从归一化的表达式上可以直观地看出：

  • 一般的LN：

        a 
       
      
        ‾ 
       
      
     
       i 
      
     
    
      = 
     
     
      
       
       
         a 
        
       
         i 
        
       
      
        − 
       
      
        μ 
       
      
     
       σ 
      
     
     
     
       g 
      
     
       i 
      
     
    
   
     \overline{a}_i = \frac {a_i- \mu} \sigma g_i 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.7806em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.6306em;"><span class="" style="top: -3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.5506em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width: 0.04em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3117em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.9463em; vertical-align: -0.686em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.2603em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">σ</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3117em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">μ</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.686em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">g</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3117em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> 其中，</p> 


      μ 
     
    
      = 
     
     
     
       1 
      
     
       n 
      
     
     
     
       ∑ 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        = 
       
      
        1 
       
      
     
       n 
      
     
     
     
       a 
      
     
       i 
      
     
    
   
     \mu = \frac 1 n \sum_{i=1}^na_i 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">μ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 2.9291em; vertical-align: -1.2777em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.3214em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.686em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.6514em;"><span class="" style="top: -1.8723em; margin-left: 0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3.05em;"></span><span class=""><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -4.3em; margin-left: 0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.2777em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3117em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> <span class="katex--display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
  
   
    
    
      σ 
     
    
      = 
     
     
      
       
       
         1 
        
       
         n 
        
       
       
       
         ∑ 
        
        
        
          i 
         
        
          = 
         
        
          1 
         
        
       
         n 
        
       
       
        
        
          ( 
         
         
         
           a 
          
         
           i 
          
         
        
          − 
         
        
          μ 
         
        
          ) 
         
        
       
         2 
        
       
      
     
    
   
     \sigma= \sqrt {\frac 1 n \sum_{i=1}^n{<!-- -->{(a_i-\mu)}^2}} 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">σ</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 3.1568em; vertical-align: -1.2777em;"></span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.8791em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top: -5.1168em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 5.1168em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left: 1.056em;"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.3214em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.686em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.6514em;"><span class="" style="top: -1.8723em; margin-left: 0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3.05em;"></span><span class=""><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -4.3em; margin-left: 0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.2777em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3117em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">μ</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.954em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.2029em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.8391em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 5.1168em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width: 0.742em; height: 3.1968em;"> 
        <svg width="400em" height="3.1968em" viewBox="0 0 400000 3196" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin slice"> 
         <path d="M702 80H40000040

H742v3062l-4 4-4 4c-.667.7 -2 1.5-4 2.5s-4.167 1.833-6.5 2.5-5.5 1-9.5 1
h-12l-28-84c-16.667-52-96.667 -294.333-240-727l-212 -643 -85 170
c-4-3.333-8.333-7.667-13 -13l-13-13l77-155 77-156c66 199.333 139 419.667
219 661 l218 661zM702 80H400000v40H742z">
​

  • RMS Norm：
             a 
        
       
         ‾ 
        
       
      
        i 
       
      
     
       = 
      
      
       
       
         a 
        
       
         i 
        
       
       
       
         R 
        
       
         M 
        
       
         S 
        
       
         ( 
        
       
         a 
        
       
         ) 
        
       
      
      
      
        g 
       
      
        i 
       
      
     
    
      \overline{a}_i = \frac {a_i} {RMS(a)} g_i 
     
    
  </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.7806em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord overline"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.6306em;"><span class="" style="top: -3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.5506em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="overline-line" style="border-bottom-width: 0.04em;"></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3117em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 2.0436em; vertical-align: -0.936em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.1076em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0576em;">RMS</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3117em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.936em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">g</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3117em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><br> 其中，<br> <span class="katex--display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
   
    
     
      
      
        R 
       
      
        M 
       
      
        S 
       
      
        ( 
       
      
        a 
       
      
        ) 
       
      
     
       = 
      
      
       
        
        
          1 
         
        
          n 
         
        
        
        
          ∑ 
         
         
         
           i 
          
         
           = 
          
         
           1 
          
         
        
          n 
         
        
        
         
         
           a 
          
         
           i 
          
         
        
          2 
         
        
       
      
     
    
      {RMS(a)}=\sqrt {\frac 1 n \sum_{i=1}^n{<!-- -->{a_i}^2}} 
     
    
  </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0576em;">RMS</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 3.1568em; vertical-align: -1.2777em;"></span><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.8791em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top: -5.1168em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 5.1168em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left: 1.056em;"><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.3214em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.314em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.23em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="frac-line" style="border-bottom-width: 0.04em;"></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.677em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.686em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose nulldelimiter"></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop op-limits"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.6514em;"><span class="" style="top: -1.8723em; margin-left: 0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mrel mtight">=</span><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3.05em;"></span><span class=""><span class="mop op-symbol large-op">∑</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -4.3em; margin-left: 0em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3.05em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.2777em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">a</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3117em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.7401em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.989em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.8391em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 5.1168em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width: 0.742em; height: 3.1968em;"> 
         <svg width="400em" height="3.1968em" viewBox="0 0 400000 3196" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin slice"> 
          <path d="M702 80H40000040

H742v3062l-4 4-4 4c-.667.7 -2 1.5-4 2.5s-4.167 1.833-6.5 2.5-5.5 1-9.5 1
h-12l-28-84c-16.667-52-96.667 -294.333-240-727l-212 -643 -85 170
c-4-3.333-8.333-7.667-13 -13l-13-13l77-155 77-156c66 199.333 139 419.667
219 661 l218 661zM702 80H400000v40H742z">
​

可以看到，二者的区别就在于有没有减去均值。至于RMS Norm为什么有用，需要求梯度进行分析，感兴趣的同学可以阅读RMS Norm的论文。

2.2 SwiGLU激活函数

LLaMA采用SwiGLU替换了原有的ReLU。

采用SwiGLU的FNN，在论文中以如下公式进行表述：

      F 
     
    
      F 
     
     
     
       N 
      
      
      
        s 
       
      
        w 
       
      
        i 
       
      
        G 
       
      
        L 
       
      
        U 
       
      
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      x 
     
    
      , 
     
    
      W 
     
    
      , 
     
    
      V 
     
    
      , 
     
     
     
       W 
      
     
       2 
      
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      S 
     
    
      w 
     
    
      i 
     
    
      s 
     
     
     
       h 
      
     
       1 
      
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      x 
     
    
      W 
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      ⊗ 
     
    
      x 
     
    
      V 
     
    
      ) 
     
     
     
       W 
      
     
       2 
      
     
    
   
     FFN_{swiGLU}(x, W, V, W_2) = (Swish_1(xW)\otimes xV)W_2 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.1389em;">FF</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.109em;">N</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3283em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.109em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">s</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.0269em;">w</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">G</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.109em;">LU</span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.1389em;">W</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;">V</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.1389em;">W</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3011em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.1389em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0269em;">Sw</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3011em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.1389em;">W</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">⊗</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;">V</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.1389em;">W</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3011em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.1389em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">2</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

其中， 

     S 
    
   
     w 
    
   
     i 
    
   
     s 
    
    
    
      h 
     
    
      β 
     
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     x 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
     = 
    
   
     x 
    
   
     σ 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     β 
    
   
     x 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    Swish_\beta(x) = x\sigma(\beta x) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.0361em; vertical-align: -0.2861em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0269em;">Sw</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">s</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">h</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3361em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.0528em;">β</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.2861em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">σ</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0528em;">β</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>, (<a href="https://arxiv.org/abs/1710.05941" rel="nofollow">Ramachandran et al., 2017</a>.)</p>

2.3 RoPE旋转位置编码

RoPE（Rotary Position Embedding）旋转位置编码，是苏剑林老师提出的一种旋转位置编码方法，其思想是采用绝对位置编码的形式，实现相对位置编码。这一部分比较关键，如果不理解的话，后边的代码估计就看不懂了。读懂RoPE涉及一点复变函数的基础知识，不过如果你没有学过的话也没有关系。

位置编码对大模型而言尤为重要，因为既然是要训练大模型，那么长文本的表征和模型对于长文本的建模能力就显得非常重要。（但是对于绝对位置编码，我有一个直观地感受，认为其本质上不适用于长文本的场景，因为它会直接导致模型的Embedding层被无限放大，并且由于数据分布在seq_len方向上通常是长尾的，这又会必然导致绝对位置编码的矩阵在尾部会越来越稀疏，一方面造成资源浪费，另一方面这种表示方法直观上就很不利于模型的学习，因为它与我们实际场景是有很大的矛盾的。而RoPE虽然具有相对位置编码的性质，但是从代码部分可以看出，在构造的时候，其也是受到了最大长度的限制的。关于这一点，我无法严谨得说明，只是一点个人的想法。）。

而RoPE的巧妙之处在于，它既保留了绝对位置编码中的绝对位置信息，又保留了在内积运算下，对位置信息的相对性。

RoPE主要借助了复数的思想。为了引入复数，首先假设了在加入位置信息之前，原有的编码向量是二维行向量 

      q 
     
    
      m 
     
    
   
  
    q_m 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>和<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
    
    
      k 
     
    
      n 
     
    
   
  
    k_n 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.8444em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0315em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0315em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>，其中<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     m 
    
   
  
    m 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span></span></span>和<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     n 
    
   
  
    n 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span></span></span></span></span>是绝对位置，现在需要构造一个变换，将<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     m 
    
   
  
    m 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span></span></span>和<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     n 
    
   
  
    n 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span></span></span></span></span>引入到<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
    
    
      q 
     
    
      m 
     
    
   
  
    q_m 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>和<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
    
    
      k 
     
    
      n 
     
    
   
  
    k_n 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.8444em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0315em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0315em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>中，即寻找变换：</p> 


        q 
       
      
        m 
       
      
     
       ~ 
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      f 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      q 
     
    
      , 
     
    
      m 
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      , 
     
     
      
      
        k 
       
      
        n 
       
      
     
       ~ 
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      f 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      k 
     
    
      , 
     
    
      n 
     
    
      ) 
     
    
   
     \tilde {q_m} = f(q, m), \tilde{k_n} = f(k, n) 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.8623em; vertical-align: -0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.6679em;"><span class="" style="top: -3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.35em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left: -0.25em;"><span class="mord">~</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1944em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.1813em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.1076em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord accent"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.9313em;"><span class="" style="top: -3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0315em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0315em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.6134em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="accent-body" style="left: -0.25em;"><span class="mord">~</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.1076em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0315em;">k</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></span><br> 考虑到Attention的核心计算是内积：<br> <span class="katex--display"><span class="katex-display"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
  
   
    
    
      A 
     
    
      t 
     
    
      t 
     
    
      e 
     
    
      n 
     
    
      t 
     
    
      i 
     
    
      o 
     
    
      n 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      Q 
     
    
      , 
     
    
      K 
     
    
      , 
     
    
      V 
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      s 
     
    
      o 
     
    
      f 
     
    
      t 
     
    
      m 
     
    
      a 
     
    
      x 
     
    
      ( 
     
     
      
      
        Q 
       
       
       
         K 
        
       
         T 
        
       
      
      
       
       
         d 
        
       
         k 
        
       
      
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      V 
     
    
   
     Attention(Q, K,V) = softmax(\frac {QK^T} {\sqrt{d_k}})V 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">A</span><span class="mord mathnormal">tt</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal">o</span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">Q</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0715em;">K</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;">V</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 2.4483em; vertical-align: -0.93em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">so</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.1076em;">f</span><span class="mord mathnormal">t</span><span class="mord mathnormal">ma</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mopen nulldelimiter"></span><span class="mfrac"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.5183em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.2528em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord sqrt"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.8572em;"><span class="svg-align" style="top: -3em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord" style="padding-left: 0.833em;"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">d</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3361em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: 0em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.0315em;">k</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -2.8172em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="hide-tail" style="min-width: 0.853em; height: 1.08em;"> 
               <svg width="400em" height="1.08em" viewBox="0 0 400000 1080" preserveAspectRatio="xMinYMin slice"> 
                <path d="M95,702

c-2.7,0,-7.17,-2.7,-13.5,-8c-5.8,-5.3,-9.5,-10,-9.5,-14
c0,-2,0.3,-3.3,1,-4c1.3,-2.7,23.83,-20.7,67.5,-54
c44.2,-33.3,65.8,-50.3,66.5,-51c1.3,-1.3,3,-2,5,-2c4.7,0,8.7,3.3,12,10
s173,378,173,378c0.7,0,35.3,-71,104,-213c68.7,-142,137.5,-285,206.5,-429
c69,-144,104.5,-217.7,106.5,-221
l0 -0
c5.3,-9.3,12,-14,20,-14
H400000v40H845.2724
s-225.272,467,-225.272,467s-235,486,-235,486c-2.7,4.7,-9,7,-19,7
c-6,0,-10,-1,-12,-3s-194,-422,-194,-422s-65,47,-65,47z
M834 80h400000v40h-400000z">
​QKT​)V

所以，寻求的这个 

     f 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     ∗ 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    f(*) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.1076em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord">∗</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>变换，应该具有特性：<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     ⟨ 
    
   
     f 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     q 
    
   
     , 
    
   
     m 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
     , 
    
   
     f 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     k 
    
   
     , 
    
   
     n 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
     ⟩ 
    
   
     = 
    
   
     g 
    
   
     ( 
    
   
     q 
    
   
     , 
    
   
     k 
    
   
     , 
    
   
     m 
    
   
     − 
    
   
     n 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    \langle f(q, m), f(k, n) \rangle = g(q, k, m-n) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">⟨</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.1076em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.1076em;">f</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0315em;">k</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mclose">)⟩</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">g</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0315em;">k</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></p>

这里直接说结论，寻求的变换就是 

      q 
     
    
      m 
     
    
    
    
      e 
     
     
     
       i 
      
     
       m 
      
     
       θ 
      
     
    
   
  
    q_me^{im\theta} 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.0435em; vertical-align: -0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.8491em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">im</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>，也就是给<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
    
    
      q 
     
    
      m 
     
    
   
  
    q_m 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.625em; vertical-align: -0.1944em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>乘以<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
    
    
      e 
     
     
     
       i 
      
     
       m 
      
     
       θ 
      
     
    
   
  
    e^{im\theta} 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.8491em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.8491em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">im</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>，相应地，<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
    
    
      k 
     
    
      n 
     
    
   
  
    k_n 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.8444em; vertical-align: -0.15em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0315em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0315em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>乘以<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
    
    
      e 
     
     
     
       i 
      
     
       n 
      
     
       θ 
      
     
    
   
  
    e^{in\theta} 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.8491em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.8491em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">in</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>。</p>

具体的求解过程，请参考苏剑林老师的博客。

做了这样一个变换之后，根据复数的特性，有：

      ⟨ 
     
     
     
       q 
      
     
       m 
      
     
    
      , 
     
     
     
       k 
      
     
       n 
      
     
    
      ⟩ 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      R 
     
    
      e 
     
    
      [ 
     
     
     
       q 
      
     
       m 
      
     
     
     
       k 
      
     
       n 
      
     
       ∗ 
      
     
    
      ] 
     
    
   
     \langle q_m, k_n \rangle = Re[q_mk^*_n] 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">⟨</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0315em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0315em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">⟩</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0077em;">R</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0315em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.7387em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.453em; margin-left: -0.0315em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.113em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.247em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

也就是，如果把二维向量看做复数，那么它们的内积，等于一个复数乘以另一个复数的共轭，得到的结果再取实部。

带入上面的变换，也就有：

      ⟨ 
     
     
     
       q 
      
     
       m 
      
     
     
     
       e 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        m 
       
      
        θ 
       
      
     
    
      , 
     
     
     
       k 
      
     
       n 
      
     
     
     
       e 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        n 
       
      
        θ 
       
      
     
    
      ⟩ 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      R 
     
    
      e 
     
    
      [ 
     
    
      ( 
     
     
     
       q 
      
     
       m 
      
     
     
     
       e 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        m 
       
      
        θ 
       
      
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      ( 
     
     
     
       k 
      
     
       n 
      
     
     
     
       e 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        n 
       
      
        θ 
       
      
     
     
     
       ) 
      
     
       ∗ 
      
     
    
      ] 
     
    
      = 
     
    
      R 
     
    
      e 
     
    
      [ 
     
     
     
       q 
      
     
       m 
      
     
     
     
       k 
      
     
       n 
      
     
       ∗ 
      
     
     
     
       e 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        ( 
       
      
        m 
       
      
        − 
       
      
        n 
       
      
        ) 
       
      
        θ 
       
      
     
    
      ] 
     
    
   
     \langle q_me^{im\theta}, k_ne^{in\theta} \rangle = Re[(q_me^{im\theta}) (k_ne^{in\theta})^*] =Re[q_mk_n^*e^{i(m-n)\theta}] 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.1491em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">⟨</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.8991em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.113em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">im</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0315em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0315em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.8991em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.113em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">in</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">⟩</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.1491em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0077em;">R</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mopen">[(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.8991em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.113em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">im</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0315em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0315em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.8991em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.113em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">in</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose"><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.7387em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.113em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.188em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0077em;">R</span><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.1514em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">m</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0315em;">k</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.7387em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.453em; margin-left: -0.0315em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -3.113em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mbin mtight">∗</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.247em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.938em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.113em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">i</span><span class="mopen mtight">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">m</span><span class="mbin mtight">−</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">n</span><span class="mclose mtight">)</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

这样一来，内积的结果就只依赖于 

     ( 
    
   
     m 
    
   
     − 
    
   
     n 
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    (m-n) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">n</span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>，也就是相对位置了。换言之，经过这样一番操作，通过给Embedding添加绝对位置信息，可以使得两个token的编码，经过内积变换（self-attn）之后，得到结果，是受它们位置的差值，即相对位置影响的。</p>

于是对于任意的位置为 

     m 
    
   
  
    m 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.4306em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span></span></span></span></span>的二维向量<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
   
     [ 
    
   
     x 
    
   
     , 
    
   
     y 
    
   
     ] 
    
   
  
    [x, y] 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">[</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">y</span><span class="mclose">]</span></span></span></span></span>，把它看做复数，乘以<span class="katex--inline"><span class="katex"><span class="katex-mathml"> 
 
  
   
    
    
      e 
     
     
     
       i 
      
     
       m 
      
     
       θ 
      
     
    
   
  
    e^{im\theta} 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.8491em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.8491em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.063em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">im</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span>，而根据欧拉公式，有：</p> 


       e 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        m 
       
      
        θ 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      cos 
     
    
      ⁡ 
     
     
     
       m 
      
     
       θ 
      
     
    
      + 
     
    
      i 
     
    
      sin 
     
    
      ⁡ 
     
     
     
       m 
      
     
       θ 
      
     
    
   
     e^{im\theta}=\cos{m\theta}+i\sin{m\theta} 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.8991em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.8991em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.113em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">im</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.7778em; vertical-align: -0.0833em;"></span><span class="mop">cos</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 0.6944em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">sin</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

于是上述的相乘变换也就变成了：

      ( 
     
    
      x 
     
    
      + 
     
    
      i 
     
    
      y 
     
    
      ) 
     
     
     
       e 
      
      
      
        i 
       
      
        m 
       
      
        θ 
       
      
     
    
      = 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      x 
     
    
      cos 
     
    
      ⁡ 
     
     
     
       m 
      
     
       θ 
      
     
    
      − 
     
    
      y 
     
    
      sin 
     
    
      ⁡ 
     
     
     
       m 
      
     
       θ 
      
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      + 
     
    
      i 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      x 
     
    
      sin 
     
    
      ⁡ 
     
     
     
       m 
      
     
       θ 
      
     
    
      + 
     
    
      y 
     
    
      cos 
     
    
      ⁡ 
     
     
     
       m 
      
     
       θ 
      
     
    
      ) 
     
    
   
     (x+iy)e^{im\theta}=(x\cos{m\theta}-y\sin{m\theta})+i(x\sin{m\theta}+y\cos{m\theta}) 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1.1491em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">y</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">e</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.8991em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.113em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight"><span class="mord mathnormal mtight">im</span><span class="mord mathnormal mtight" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">cos</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">y</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">sin</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">i</span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord mathnormal">x</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">sin</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span><span class="mbin">+</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2222em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">y</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">cos</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

把上述式子写成矩阵形式：

      f 
     
    
      ( 
     
    
      ( 
     
     
     
       q 
      
     
       0 
      
     
    
      , 
     
     
     
       q 
      
     
       1 
      
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      , 
     
    
      m 
     
    
      ) 
     
    
      = 
     
     
     
       [ 
      
      
       
        
         
          
          
            cos 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
           
             θ 
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            − 
           
          
            sin 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
           
             θ 
            
           
          
         
        
       
       
        
         
          
          
            sin 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
           
             θ 
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            cos 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
           
             θ 
            
           
          
         
        
       
      
     
       ] 
      
     
     
     
       [ 
      
      
       
        
         
          
          
            q 
           
          
            0 
           
          
         
        
       
       
        
         
          
          
            q 
           
          
            1 
           
          
         
        
       
      
     
       ] 
      
     
    
   
     f((q_0, q_1), m) = <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display"><span class="MathJax MathJax_FullWidth" id="MathJax-Element-1-Frame" tabindex="0" style="position: relative;" data-mathml="<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; display=&quot;block&quot;><mrow><mo>[</mo><mtable rowspacing=&quot;4pt&quot; columnspacing=&quot;1em&quot;><mtr><mtd><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>cos</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mo>&amp;#x2212;</mo><mi>sin</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>sin</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>cos</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo>]</mo></mrow></math>" role="presentation"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-1" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; min-width: 9.115em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px; font-size: 102%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.397em, 1008.68em, 5.101em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em; width: 100%;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-2"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.397em, 1008.68em, 5.101em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -4.465em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-3"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-4" style="vertical-align: 0em;"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size3;">[</span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-5" style="padding-right: 0.167em; padding-left: 0.167em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 7.539em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.492em, 1002.85em, 4.912em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.852em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1002.85em, 4.162em, -1000em); top: -4.649em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-6"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-7"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1002.85em, 4.162em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.426em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-8"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-9"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.852em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1002.85em, 4.162em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-10" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">cos</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-11"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-12" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-13"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.347em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1001.34em, 4.162em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-14" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-15" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1002.74em, 4.162em, -1000em); top: -3.249em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-27"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-28"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1002.74em, 4.162em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.371em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-29"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-30"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.742em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1002.74em, 4.162em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-31" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">sin</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-32"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-33" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-34"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.347em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1001.34em, 4.162em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-35" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-36" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.492em, 1003.68em, 4.912em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 3.852em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.687em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.68em, 4.233em, -1000em); top: -4.649em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-16"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-17"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.68em, 4.233em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.843em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-18"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-19"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.687em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.68em, 4.233em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-20" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-21" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.167em;">sin</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-22"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-23" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-24"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.347em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1001.34em, 4.162em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-25" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-26" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1002.85em, 4.162em, -1000em); top: -3.249em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-37"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-38"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1002.85em, 4.162em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.426em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-39"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-40"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.852em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1002.85em, 4.162em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-41" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">cos</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-42"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-43" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-44"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.347em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1001.34em, 4.162em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-45" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-46" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-47" style="vertical-align: 0em;"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size3;">]</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.021em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 2.551em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><mrow><mo>[</mo><mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>cos</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><mi>θ</mi></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo>−</mo><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><mi>θ</mi></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><mi>θ</mi></mrow></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>cos</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><mi>θ</mi></mrow></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo>]</mo></mrow></math></span></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-1">\begin{bmatrix} {\cos{m\theta}}&{-\sin{m\theta}} \\ {\sin{m\theta}}&{\cos{m\theta}} \\ \end{bmatrix}</script> <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display"><span class="MathJax MathJax_FullWidth" id="MathJax-Element-2-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; display=&quot;block&quot;><mrow><mo>[</mo><mtable rowspacing=&quot;4pt&quot; columnspacing=&quot;1em&quot;><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo>]</mo></mrow></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-48" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; min-width: 2.331em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px; font-size: 102%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.397em, 1002.02em, 5.101em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em; width: 100%;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-49"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.397em, 1002.02em, 5.101em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.132em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-50"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-51" style="vertical-align: 0em;"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size3;">[</span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-52" style="padding-right: 0.167em; padding-left: 0.167em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.875em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.755em, 1000.88em, 5.095em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.875em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.88em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -4.649em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-53"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-54"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.88em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.437em;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-55"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.875em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.46em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-56" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">q<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.014em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.446em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-57" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.88em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.249em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-58"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-59"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.88em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.437em;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-60"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.875em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.46em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-61" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">q<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.014em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.446em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-62" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-63" style="vertical-align: 0em;"><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size3;">]</span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -1.021em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 2.551em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><mrow><mo>[</mo><mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo>]</mo></mrow></math></span></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-2">\begin{bmatrix} q_0\\q_1\end{bmatrix}</script> 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.1076em;">f</span><span class="mopen">((</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3011em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3011em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mclose">)</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span><span class="mrel">=</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.2778em;"></span></span><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 2.4em; vertical-align: -0.95em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top: 0em;"><span class="delimsizing size3">[</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.45em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.61em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mop">cos</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -2.41em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mop">sin</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.95em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width: 0.5em;"></span><span class="arraycolsep" style="width: 0.5em;"></span><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.45em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.61em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord">−</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mop">sin</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -2.41em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mop">cos</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal">m</span><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0278em;">θ</span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.95em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top: 0em;"><span class="delimsizing size3">]</span></span></span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen delimcenter" style="top: 0em;"><span class="delimsizing size3">[</span></span><span class="mord"><span class="mtable"><span class="col-align-c"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 1.45em;"><span class="" style="top: -3.61em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3011em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="" style="top: -2.41em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 3em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3011em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.95em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose delimcenter" style="top: 0em;"><span class="delimsizing size3">]</span></span></span></span></span></span></span></span></p>

而这个变换的几何意义，就是在二维坐标系下，对向量 

     ( 
    
    
    
      q 
     
    
      0 
     
    
   
     , 
    
    
    
      q 
     
    
      1 
     
    
   
     ) 
    
   
  
    (q_0, q_1) 
   
  
</span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 1em; vertical-align: -0.25em;"></span><span class="mopen">(</span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3011em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">0</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mpunct">,</span><span class="mspace" style="margin-right: 0.1667em;"></span><span class="mord"><span class="mord mathnormal" style="margin-right: 0.0359em;">q</span><span class="msupsub"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.3011em;"><span class="" style="top: -2.55em; margin-left: -0.0359em; margin-right: 0.05em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 2.7em;"></span><span class="sizing reset-size6 size3 mtight"><span class="mord mtight">1</span></span></span></span><span class="vlist-s">​</span></span><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 0.15em;"><span class=""></span></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mclose">)</span></span></span></span></span>进行了旋转，因而这种位置编码方法，被称为旋转位置编码。</p>

根据刚才的结论，结合内积的线性叠加性，可以将结论推广到高维的情形。可以理解为，每两个维度一组，进行了上述的“旋转”操作，然后再拼接在一起：

       [ 
      
      
       
        
         
          
          
            cos 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
            
            
              θ 
             
            
              0 
             
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            − 
           
          
            sin 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
            
            
              θ 
             
            
              0 
             
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           ⋯ 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
       
       
        
         
          
          
            sin 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
            
            
              θ 
             
            
              0 
             
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            cos 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
            
            
              θ 
             
            
              0 
             
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           ⋯ 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
       
       
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            cos 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
            
            
              θ 
             
            
              1 
             
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            − 
           
          
            sin 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
            
            
              θ 
             
            
              1 
             
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
         
           ⋯ 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
       
       
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            sin 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
            
            
              θ 
             
            
              1 
             
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            cos 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
            
            
              θ 
             
            
              1 
             
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
         
           ⋯ 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
       
       
        
         
          
          
            ⋮ 
           
           
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            ⋮ 
           
           
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            ⋮ 
           
           
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            ⋮ 
           
           
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
         
           ⋱ 
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            ⋮ 
           
           
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            ⋮ 
           
           
            
           
          
         
        
       
       
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           ⋯ 
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            cos 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
            
            
              θ 
             
             
              
              
                d 
               
              
                / 
               
              
                2 
               
              
             
               − 
              
             
               1 
              
             
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            − 
           
          
            sin 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
            
            
              θ 
             
             
              
              
                d 
               
              
                / 
               
              
                2 
               
              
             
               − 
              
             
               1 
              
             
            
           
          
         
        
       
       
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           0 
          
         
        
        
         
         
           ⋯ 
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            sin 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
            
            
              θ 
             
             
              
              
                d 
               
              
                / 
               
              
                2 
               
              
             
               − 
              
             
               1 
              
             
            
           
          
         
        
        
         
          
          
            cos 
           
          
            ⁡ 
           
           
           
             m 
            
            
            
              θ 
             
             
              
              
                d 
               
              
                / 
               
              
                2 
               
              
             
               − 
              
             
               1 
              
             
            
           
          
         
        
       
      
     
       ] 
      
     
     
     
       [ 
      
      
       
        
         
          
          
            q 
           
          
            0 
           
          
         
        
       
       
        
         
          
          
            q 
           
          
            1 
           
          
         
        
       
       
        
         
          
          
            q 
           
          
            2 
           
          
         
        
       
       
        
         
          
          
            q 
           
          
            3 
           
          
         
        
       
       
        
         
          
          
            ⋮ 
           
           
            
           
          
         
        
       
       
        
         
          
          
            q 
           
           
           
             d 
            
           
             − 
            
           
             2 
            
           
          
         
        
       
       
        
         
          
          
            q 
           
           
           
             d 
            
           
             − 
            
           
             1 
            
           
          
         
        
       
      
     
       ] 
      
     
    
   
     <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display"><span class="MathJax MathJax_FullWidth" id="MathJax-Element-3-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; display=&quot;block&quot;><mrow><mo>[</mo><mtable rowspacing=&quot;4pt&quot; columnspacing=&quot;1em&quot;><mtr><mtd><mi>cos</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mo>&amp;#x2212;</mo><mi>sin</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mo>&amp;#x22EF;</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>sin</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mi>cos</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mo>&amp;#x22EF;</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mi>cos</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mo>&amp;#x2212;</mo><mi>sin</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mo>&amp;#x22EF;</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mi>sin</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mi>cos</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mo>&amp;#x22EF;</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mo>&amp;#x22EE;</mo></mtd><mtd><mo>&amp;#x22EE;</mo></mtd><mtd><mo>&amp;#x22EE;</mo></mtd><mtd><mo>&amp;#x22EE;</mo></mtd><mtd><mo>&amp;#x22F1;</mo></mtd><mtd><mo>&amp;#x22EE;</mo></mtd><mtd><mo>&amp;#x22EE;</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mo>&amp;#x22EF;</mo></mtd><mtd><mi>cos</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>d</mi><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mo>/</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo>&amp;#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mo>&amp;#x2212;</mo><mi>sin</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>d</mi><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mo>/</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo>&amp;#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mo>&amp;#x22EF;</mo></mtd><mtd><mi>sin</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>d</mi><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mo>/</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo>&amp;#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mi>cos</mi><mo>&amp;#x2061;</mo><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>&amp;#x03B8;</mi><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>d</mi><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mo>/</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo>&amp;#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo>]</mo></mrow></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-64" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; min-width: 35.084em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px; font-size: 102%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(5.816em, 1034.07em, 16.565em, -1000em); top: -11.441em; left: 0em; width: 100%;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-65"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(5.816em, 1034.07em, 16.565em, -1000em); top: -11.441em; left: 50%; margin-left: -17.196em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-66"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-67" style="vertical-align: 5.473em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.667em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; font-family: MathJax_Size4; top: -2.845em; left: 0em;">⎡<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; font-family: MathJax_Size4; top: 5.802em; left: 0em;">⎣<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -1.668em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -1.136em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -0.604em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -0.072em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 0.46em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 0.992em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 1.524em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 2.057em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 2.589em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 3.121em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 3.653em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 4.185em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 4.717em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-68" style="padding-right: 0.167em; padding-left: 0.167em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 32.724em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(5.456em, 1003.28em, 15.769em, -1000em); top: -10.985em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.281em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.28em, 4.317em, -1000em); top: -8.672em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-69"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-70"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.28em, 4.317em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.64em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-71" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">cos</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-72"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-73" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-74"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.776em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1001.78em, 4.317em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-75" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-76"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.898em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1000.46em, 4.161em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-77" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.469em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-78" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.17em, 4.317em, -1000em); top: -7.272em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-107"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-108"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.17em, 4.317em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.585em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-109" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">sin</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-110"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-111" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-112"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.776em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1001.78em, 4.317em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-113" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-114"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.898em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1000.46em, 4.161em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-115" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.469em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-116" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -5.872em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-144"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-145"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-146" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -4.472em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-182"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-183"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-184" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(2.547em, 1000.2em, 4.181em, -1000em); top: -2.352em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-219"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-220"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.547em, 1000.2em, 4.181em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.139em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-221" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">⋮</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -0.952em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-240"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-241"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-242" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: 0.611em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-296"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-297"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-298" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 10.985em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(5.456em, 1004.12em, 15.769em, -1000em); top: -10.985em; left: 4.281em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.116em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1004.12em, 4.317em, -1000em); top: -8.672em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-79"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-80"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1004.12em, 4.317em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -2.058em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-81" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-82" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.167em;">sin</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-83"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-84" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-85"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.776em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1001.78em, 4.317em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-86" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-87"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.898em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1000.46em, 4.161em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-88" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.469em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-89" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.28em, 4.317em, -1000em); top: -7.272em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-117"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-118"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.28em, 4.317em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.64em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-119" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">cos</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-120"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-121" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-122"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.776em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1001.78em, 4.317em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-123" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-124"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.898em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1000.46em, 4.161em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-125" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.469em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-126" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -5.872em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-147"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-148"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-149" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -4.472em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-185"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-186"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-187" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(2.547em, 1000.2em, 4.181em, -1000em); top: -2.352em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-222"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-223"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.547em, 1000.2em, 4.181em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.139em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-224" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">⋮</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -0.952em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-243"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-244"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-245" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: 0.611em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-299"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-300"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-301" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 10.985em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(5.495em, 1003.28em, 15.769em, -1000em); top: -10.985em; left: 9.396em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.281em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -8.672em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-90"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-91"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-92" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -7.272em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-127"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-128"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-129" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.28em, 4.301em, -1000em); top: -5.872em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-150"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-151"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.28em, 4.301em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.64em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-152" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">cos</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-153"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-154" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-155"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.776em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1001.78em, 4.301em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-156" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-157"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.898em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1000.46em, 4.161em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-158" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.469em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-159" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.17em, 4.301em, -1000em); top: -4.472em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-188"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-189"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.17em, 4.301em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.585em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-190" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">sin</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-191"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-192" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-193"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.776em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1001.78em, 4.301em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-194" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-195"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.898em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1000.46em, 4.161em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-196" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.469em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-197" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(2.547em, 1000.2em, 4.181em, -1000em); top: -2.352em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-225"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-226"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.547em, 1000.2em, 4.181em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.139em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-227" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">⋮</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -0.952em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-246"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-247"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-248" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: 0.611em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-302"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-303"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-304" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 10.985em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(5.495em, 1004.12em, 15.769em, -1000em); top: -10.985em; left: 13.677em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.116em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -8.672em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-93"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-94"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-95" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -7.272em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-130"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-131"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-132" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1004.12em, 4.301em, -1000em); top: -5.872em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-160"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-161"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1004.12em, 4.301em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -2.058em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-162" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-163" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.167em;">sin</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-164"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-165" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-166"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.776em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1001.78em, 4.301em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-167" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-168"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.898em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1000.46em, 4.161em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-169" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.469em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-170" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.28em, 4.301em, -1000em); top: -4.472em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-198"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-199"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.28em, 4.301em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.64em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-200" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">cos</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-201"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-202" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-203"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.776em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1001.78em, 4.301em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-204" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-205"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.898em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1000.46em, 4.161em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-206" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.469em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-207" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(2.547em, 1000.2em, 4.181em, -1000em); top: -2.352em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-228"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-229"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.547em, 1000.2em, 4.181em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.139em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-230" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">⋮</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -0.952em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-249"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-250"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-251" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: 0.611em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-305"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-306"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-307" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 10.985em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(5.243em, 1001.15em, 14.95em, -1000em); top: -10.378em; left: 18.792em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.282em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -8.672em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-96"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-97"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.586em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-98"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-99"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.586em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-100" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">⋯</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -7.272em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-133"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-134"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.586em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-135"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-136"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.586em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-137" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">⋯</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -5.872em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-171"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-172"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.586em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-173"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-174"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.586em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-175" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">⋯</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -4.472em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-208"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-209"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.586em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-210"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-211"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.586em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-212" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">⋯</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(2.327em, 1001.15em, 4.051em, -1000em); top: -2.352em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-231"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-232"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.327em, 1001.15em, 4.051em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.641em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-233" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">⋱</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -0.952em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-252"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-253"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.586em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-254" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">⋯</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: 0.611em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-308"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-309"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.537em, 1001.09em, 3.961em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.586em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-310" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">⋯</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 10.378em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(5.798em, 1004.91em, 16.413em, -1000em); top: -11.289em; left: 21.074em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 4.908em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -8.672em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-101"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-102"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-103" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -7.272em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-138"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-139"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-140" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -5.872em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-176"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-177"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-178" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -4.472em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-213"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-214"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-215" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(2.547em, 1000.2em, 4.181em, -1000em); top: -2.352em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-234"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-235"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.547em, 1000.2em, 4.181em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.139em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-236" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">⋮</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1004.91em, 4.514em, -1000em); top: -0.952em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-255"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-256"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1004.91em, 4.514em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -2.454em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-257" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">cos</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-258"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-259" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-260"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.403em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.4em, 4.514em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-261" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-262"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.525em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1000.46em, 4.161em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-263" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.813em; left: 0.469em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-264"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-265"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.981em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.317em, 1001.93em, 4.328em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-266"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-267"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.077em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.317em, 1001.04em, 4.328em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-268" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">d<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-269"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-270"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.354em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.317em, 1000.32em, 4.328em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-271" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">/</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-272" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-273" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-274" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1004.8em, 4.514em, -1000em); top: 0.611em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-311"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-312"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1004.8em, 4.514em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -2.399em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-313" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">sin</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-314"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-315" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-316"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.403em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.4em, 4.514em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-317" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-318"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.525em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1000.46em, 4.161em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-319" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.813em; left: 0.469em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-320"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-321"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.981em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.317em, 1001.93em, 4.328em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-322"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-323"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.077em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.317em, 1001.04em, 4.328em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-324" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">d<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-325"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-326"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.354em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.317em, 1000.32em, 4.328em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-327" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">/</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-328" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-329" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-330" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 11.289em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(5.798em, 1005.74em, 16.413em, -1000em); top: -11.289em; left: 26.982em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 5.743em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -8.672em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-104"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-105"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-106" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -7.272em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-141"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-142"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-143" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -5.872em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-179"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-180"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-181" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -4.472em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-216"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-217"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.181em, 1000.46em, 4.173em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.25em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-218" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(2.547em, 1000.2em, 4.181em, -1000em); top: -2.352em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-237"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-238"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.547em, 1000.2em, 4.181em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.139em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-239" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">⋮</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1005.74em, 4.514em, -1000em); top: -0.952em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-275"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-276"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1005.74em, 4.514em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -2.871em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-277" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-278" style="font-family: MathJax_Main; padding-left: 0.167em;">sin</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-279"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-280" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-281"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.403em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.4em, 4.514em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-282" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-283"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.525em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1000.46em, 4.161em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-284" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.813em; left: 0.469em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-285"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-286"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.981em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.317em, 1001.93em, 4.328em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-287"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-288"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.077em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.317em, 1001.04em, 4.328em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-289" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">d<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-290"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-291"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.354em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.317em, 1000.32em, 4.328em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-292" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">/</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-293" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-294" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-295" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.142em, 1004.91em, 4.514em, -1000em); top: 0.611em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-331"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-332"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1004.91em, 4.514em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -2.454em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-333" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">cos</span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-334"></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-335" style="padding-left: 0.167em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-336"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 3.403em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1003.4em, 4.514em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-337" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">m</span><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-338"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 2.525em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.142em, 1000.46em, 4.161em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-339" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">θ</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.813em; left: 0.469em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-340"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-341"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.981em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.317em, 1001.93em, 4.328em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-342"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-343"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.077em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.317em, 1001.04em, 4.328em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-344" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">d<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-345"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-346"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.354em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.317em, 1000.32em, 4.328em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-347" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">/</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-348" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-349" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-350" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 11.289em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-351" style="vertical-align: 5.473em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.667em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; font-family: MathJax_Size4; top: -2.845em; left: 0em;">⎤<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; font-family: MathJax_Size4; top: 5.802em; left: 0em;">⎦<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -1.668em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -1.136em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -0.604em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -0.072em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 0.46em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 0.992em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 1.524em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 2.057em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 2.589em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 3.121em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 3.653em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 4.185em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 4.717em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 11.441em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 11.441em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -5.124em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 10.758em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><mrow><mo>[</mo><mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><mi>cos</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mo>−</mo><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo>⋯</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mi>cos</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo>⋯</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mi>cos</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mo>−</mo><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo>⋯</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mi>cos</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo>⋯</mo></mrow></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mo>⋮</mo></mtd><mtd><mo>⋮</mo></mtd><mtd><mo>⋮</mo></mtd><mtd><mo>⋮</mo></mtd><mtd><mo>⋱</mo></mtd><mtd><mo>⋮</mo></mtd><mtd><mo>⋮</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mo>⋯</mo></mtd><mtd><mi>cos</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>d</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo>/</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mo>−</mo><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>d</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo>/</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mn>0</mn></mtd><mtd><mo>⋯</mo></mtd><mtd><mi>sin</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>d</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo>/</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mtd><mtd><mi>cos</mi><mo>⁡</mo><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>m</mi><msub><mi>θ</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>d</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mo>/</mo></mrow><mn>2</mn></mrow><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mrow></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo>]</mo></mrow></math></span></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-3">\begin{bmatrix} \cos{m\theta_0} & -\sin{m\theta_0} & 0 & 0 &{\cdots} & 0 & 0 \\ \sin{m\theta_0} & \cos{m\theta_0} & 0 & 0 &{\cdots} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \cos{m\theta_1} & -\sin{m\theta_1} &{\cdots} & 0 & 0 \\ 0 & 0 & \sin{m\theta_1} & \cos{m\theta_1} &{\cdots} & 0 & 0 \\ \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \vdots & \ddots & \vdots & \vdots \\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & \cos{m\theta_{ {d/2}-1}} & -\sin{m\theta_{ {d/2}-1}}\\ 0 & 0 & 0 & 0 & \cdots & \sin{m\theta_{ {d/2}-1}} & \cos{m\theta_{ {d/2}-1}} \end{bmatrix}</script> <span class="MathJax_Preview" style="color: inherit; display: none;"></span><div class="MathJax_Display"><span class="MathJax MathJax_FullWidth" id="MathJax-Element-4-Frame" tabindex="0" data-mathml="<math xmlns=&quot;http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML&quot; display=&quot;block&quot;><mrow><mo>[</mo><mtable rowspacing=&quot;4pt&quot; columnspacing=&quot;1em&quot;><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mo>&amp;#x22EE;</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>d</mi><mo>&amp;#x2212;</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mrow class=&quot;MJX-TeXAtom-ORD&quot;><mi>d</mi><mo>&amp;#x2212;</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo>]</mo></mrow></math>" role="presentation" style="position: relative;"><nobr aria-hidden="true"><span class="math" id="MathJax-Span-352" style="width: 100%; display: inline-block; min-width: 3.546em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px; font-size: 102%;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(5.575em, 1003.14em, 15.794em, -1000em); top: -10.934em; left: 0em; width: 100%;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-353"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(5.575em, 1003.14em, 15.794em, -1000em); top: -10.934em; left: 50%; margin-left: -1.731em;"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-354"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-355" style="vertical-align: 5.208em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.667em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; font-family: MathJax_Size4; top: -2.845em; left: 0em;">⎡<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; font-family: MathJax_Size4; top: 5.273em; left: 0em;">⎣<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -1.668em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -1.136em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -0.603em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -0.071em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 0.461em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 0.994em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 1.526em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 2.058em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 2.591em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 3.123em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 3.655em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 4.187em; left: 0em;">⎢<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mtable" id="MathJax-Span-356" style="padding-right: 0.167em; padding-left: 0.167em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.794em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(5.578em, 1001.79em, 15.44em, -1000em); top: -10.58em; left: 0em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.794em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.88em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -8.407em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-357"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-358"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.88em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.437em;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-359"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.875em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.46em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-360" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">q<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.014em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.446em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-361" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">0</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.88em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -7.007em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-362"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-363"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.88em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.437em;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-364"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.875em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.46em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-365" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">q<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.014em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.446em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-366" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.88em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -5.607em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-367"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-368"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.88em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.437em;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-369"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.875em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.46em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-370" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">q<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.014em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.446em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-371" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.88em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -4.207em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-372"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-373"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.88em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.437em;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-374"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.875em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.46em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-375" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">q<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.014em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.446em;"><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-376" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">3</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(2.547em, 1000.2em, 4.181em, -1000em); top: -2.307em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-377"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-378"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(2.547em, 1000.2em, 4.181em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.139em;"><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-379" style="font-family: MathJax_Main;">⋮</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.405em, 1001.79em, 4.359em, -1000em); top: -0.907em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-380"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-381"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1001.79em, 4.359em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.897em;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-382"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.794em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.46em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-383" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">q<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.014em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.446em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-384"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-385"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.273em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.357em, 1001.24em, 4.209em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-386" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">d<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-387" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-388" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">2</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; width: 100%; clip: rect(3.405em, 1001.79em, 4.359em, -1000em); top: 0.501em; left: 0em;"><span class="mtd" id="MathJax-Span-389"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-390"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 100%; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1001.79em, 4.359em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 50%; margin-left: -0.897em;"><span class="msubsup" id="MathJax-Span-391"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.794em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.405em, 1000.46em, 4.345em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-392" style="font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">q<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.014em;"></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; top: -3.849em; left: 0.446em;"><span class="texatom" id="MathJax-Span-393"><span class="mrow" id="MathJax-Span-394"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 1.273em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; clip: rect(3.357em, 1001.22em, 4.209em, -1000em); top: -3.999em; left: 0em;"><span class="mi" id="MathJax-Span-395" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Math-italic;">d<span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; height: 1px; width: 0.002em;"></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-396" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">−</span><span class="mn" id="MathJax-Span-397" style="font-size: 70.7%; font-family: MathJax_Main;">1</span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 10.58em;"></span></span></span></span><span class="mo" id="MathJax-Span-398" style="vertical-align: 5.208em;"><span style="display: inline-block; position: relative; width: 0.667em; height: 0px;"><span style="position: absolute; font-family: MathJax_Size4; top: -2.845em; left: 0em;">⎤<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="position: absolute; font-family: MathJax_Size4; top: 5.273em; left: 0em;">⎦<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -1.668em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -1.136em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -0.603em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: -0.071em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 0.461em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 0.994em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 1.526em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 2.058em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 2.591em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 3.123em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 3.655em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span><span style="font-family: MathJax_Size4; position: absolute; top: 4.187em; left: 0em;">⎥<span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 3.999em;"></span></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 10.934em;"></span></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; width: 0px; height: 10.934em;"></span></span></span><span style="display: inline-block; overflow: hidden; vertical-align: -4.854em; border-left: 0px solid; width: 0px; height: 10.218em;"></span></span></nobr><span class="MJX_Assistive_MathML MJX_Assistive_MathML_Block" role="presentation"><math xmlns="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" display="block"><mrow><mo>[</mo><mtable rowspacing="4pt" columnspacing="1em"><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mn>0</mn></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mn>1</mn></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mn>2</mn></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mn>3</mn></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><mo>⋮</mo></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>d</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>2</mn></mrow></msub></mtd></mtr><mtr><mtd><msub><mi>q</mi><mrow class="MJX-TeXAtom-ORD"><mi>d</mi><mo>−</mo><mn>1</mn></mrow></msub></mtd></mtr></mtable><mo>]</mo></mrow></math></span></span></div><script type="math/tex; mode=display" id="MathJax-Element-4">\begin{bmatrix} q_0\\ q_1 \\ q_2 \\ q_3 \\ \vdots \\ q_{d-2} \\ q_{d-1} \end{bmatrix}</script> 
    
   
 </span><span class="katex-html"><span class="base"><span class="strut" style="height: 9.06em; vertical-align: -4.28em;"></span><span class="minner"><span class="mopen"><span class="delimsizing mult"><span class="vlist-t vlist-t2"><span class="vlist-r"><span class="vlist" style="height: 4.7499em;"><span class="" style="top: -6.7499em;"><span class="pstrut" style="height: 11em;"></span><span class="" style="width: 0.667em; height: 9em;"> 
          <svg width="0.667em" height="9.000em" viewBox="0 0 667 9000"> 
           <path d="M403 1759 V84 H666 V0 H319 V1759 v5400 v1759 h347 v-84

H403z M403 1759 V0 H319 V1759 v5400 v1759 h84z">
​cosmθ0​sinmθ0​00⋮00​−sinmθ0​cosmθ0​00⋮00​00cosmθ1​sinmθ1​⋮00​00−sinmθ1​cosmθ1​⋮00​⋯⋯⋯⋯⋱⋯⋯​0000⋮cosmθd/2−1​sinmθd/2−1​​0000⋮−sinmθd/2−1​cosmθd/2−1​​


​


​q0​q1​q2​q3​⋮qd−2​qd−1​​</span

月流霜
关注
  • 0
    点赞
  • 踩
  • 0
    收藏
    觉得还不错? 一键收藏
  • 0
    评论
meta 大型语言模型 llama 2
07-21
**元公司大型语言模型“Llama 2”详解** 元公司近期发布的“Llama 2”是一款先进的大型语言模型，代表了人工智能（AI）在自然语言处理领域的最新成就。这款模型以其强大的理解和生成自然语言的能力，为开发者和研究...
大语言模型+llama3+代码+学习可运行llama3代码
07-25
本项目基于Meta最新发布的新一代开源大模型Llama-3开发，是Chinese-LLaMA-Alpaca开源大模型相关系列项目（一期、二期）的第三期。本项目开源了中文Llama-3基座模型和中文Llama-3-Instruct指令精调大模型。这些模型在...
Llama3模型+Windows本地运行软件（下载地址）
05-20
Meta放出Llama3模型了，也应该是这段时间里的一个科技大新闻了。 Llama一直都是开源大语言模型的领头羊驼。 而Llama3又是所有羊驼中最新的领头羊。 可以简单地来看一下官方的对比数据。 下面是Llama3和谷歌...
meta大模型llama系列数据集合-医疗养生问题生成模型数据训练集
05-25
meta大模型llama系列（llama2，llama3）数据集合-医疗养生问题生成模型数据训练集
Llama2-7B/13B chat模型（下载地址）.txt
08-14
Llama2-7B与Llama2-13B作为Meta公司的新一代语言模型，不仅在技术上实现了重大突破，还在实际应用中展现了广泛的潜力。无论是对于学术研究人员还是商业开发者而言，这些模型都具有极高的价值。通过上述介绍，相信您...
实操: 如何在AirBox上跑Stable Diffusion 3
算能开发者社区是一个为开发者提供信息传播、开发交流、技术分享的交流空间。
08-06 1063
以下文章来源于Radxa ，作者瑞莎是一种多模态扩散变换器 (MMDiT) 文本到图像模型，在图像质量、排版、复杂提示理解和资源效率方面具有显著提升的性能。目前瑞莎团队使用 Stable Diffusion 3 Medium 开源模型，通过 SOPHON SDK 移植到 SG2300X 处理器系列产品上进行本地 TPU 硬件加速推理，实现在 radxa Airbox 上离线快速生成特色风格且带清晰文本的图片。
Stable Diffusion绘画 | 进阶语法
Leo-Fighting的博客
08-09 237
表示花朵从一开始就参与采样，整体画面采样达到70%进程以后，就不再计算花朵的采样。表示整体画面采样值达到70%的进程以后，才开始计算花的采样。指的是前70%的采样，石头生效，后30%的采样，花朵生效。指的是 粉色 与 黑色 交替采样，
Stable Diffusion 官方模型V1.5版本下载
程序员深度学习
08-04 464
Stable Diffusion的官方模型更适合绘制偏写实的风格，如果您想绘制二次元之类的风格，可以考虑下载本站的其它模型。
Stable Diffusion WebUI 1.10.0来了
程序员，AI探索者
08-05 1087
大家好，我是每天分享AI应用的萤火君！前几天 AUTOMATIC1111 发布了Stable Diffusion WebUI 1.10，我也在第一时间将云环境的镜像升级到了最新版本，有兴趣的同学可以去体验下，目前已经发布到了AutoDL，镜像地址：这篇文章集中给大家介绍下SD WebUI 1.10的新功能和各项改进。
Stable Diffusion 使用详解（7）---AI 摄影
talentyiyy的专栏
08-07 508
魔法师使用魔法作的画有时候太过完美，以至于有点脱离真实摄影的感觉，我们看看怎么尽量做好AI摄影。其实你看了几期这个专栏写的文章，AI 绘画操作对于魔法师来讲，是有套路可寻的。对于真实系的任务或风景来讲，太完美往往不是上上之选。有时候可能需要‘接地气’。唯美而不失真，恰到好处比较好。
深度学习与图像修复：ADetailer插件在Stable Diffusion中的应用
Why_does_it_work的博客
08-06 86
我们可以在这里进行下载，After Detailer插件的主界面设计简洁直观，为用户提供了便捷的操作体验。该插件具备强大的多通道处理能力，能够同时在一张照片中对脸部、手部等多个区域进行精细修复，极大地提升了图片处理的效率和灵活性。启用After Detailer，只需轻轻一勾，即可轻松开启您的图片修复之旅。在模型选择方面，After Detailer提供了丰富多样的模型选项，以满足不同场景下的修复需求。尤其是脸部修复功能，其效果堪称完美，赢得了用户的一致好评。
Stable Diffusion绘画 | 提示词基础原理
Leo-Fighting的博客
08-08 234
每个提示词自身的权重默认值为1，但越靠前的提示词汇分配更高的权重。但换行时，记得在结尾添加英文逗号“,”来进行区分。超出75个单词的关键词，对整体画面的影响非常小。需要重点突出的提示词，要尽量优先填写。SD 中，提示词的填写并非越多越好，
Stable Diffusion绘画 | 图生图-涂鸦重绘
Leo-Fighting的博客
08-06 440
涂鸦重绘的整体参数配置，与局部重绘基本一致，仅多了一个的参数。都是对局部区域进行重新绘制，但它不仅能识别蒙版的区域，同时还能识别。例如，对图片中的人物脸部，使用蓝色的画笔，画一个口罩形状的蒙版。在提示词中添加口罩mouth_mask生成的图片，口罩颜色与画笔颜色基本类似。
Stable Diffusion之最全详解图解
m0_70066267的博客
08-05 845
Stable Diffusion，作为一种革命性的图像生成模型，自其发布以来便成为了AI图像生成技术的重要里程碑。它以其独特的扩散过程、高效的图像生成能力和广泛的应用场景，赢得了广泛的关注和应用。本文将从Stable Diffusion的模型起源、工作原理、核心组件、应用领域、最新版本进展等多个方面，结合图解和详细解析，全面介绍Stable Diffusion。
Stable Diffusion绘画 | 提示词格式
Leo-Fighting的博客
08-09 262
主要包括：人物、年龄、发型、头发颜色、情绪表情、衣服装束、正在做什么等。提升画质的提示词与画风的提示词，对整体画面影响较大，建议在首行填写。加载的 Lora，hypernetwork 等触发内容。举例：下雨天的咖啡厅，正面视觉，人物特写等。渲染人物/真实系，在常规画质词上添加。二次元漫画类型，在常规画质词上添加。三维场景类型，在常规画质词上添加。插画风类型，在常规画质词上添加。
在Stable Diffusion中驱动Tesla P40
m0_60659514的博客
08-06 833
将原显卡移到下面的PCIE插槽（因P500的主板没有板载显示接口），在上面的PCIE插槽插上P40，用单独电源给其供电，在主板系统风扇接口插上P40的散热风扇，短接电源20或24口主板插头中的绿线和任意黑线，启动电源，再按主机开机键，进入BOIS（最好升级到最新的BOIS），在Adcancedk 中找到Above 4G选项，选择Enabled，同时在Startup中的CSM Configuration选项，选择Disabled（当然在安装Win10时，系统分区类型应设为GPT）。
略记一次抓取内容后解密及登录的经历
深蓝浅蓝的天
08-09 138
从我这个不专业的爬虫工程师来看，爬虫工作是比较看耐心的，尤其是登录和其他的破解环节，一定要相信，从理论上来破的东西，它确实就能破，但确实太考验耐心了。最后再拿下登录返回的token，准备一台手机，自动接收验证码，然后启一个接受短信的服务存到redis，至此登录、请求接口、解密数据全部完成。，key是接口有返回的，但iv对方网站就隐藏的很好，除了这个iv，其他的问题都解决了，加密字符串也成功解密。尤其是解密的代码，调用栈太长了，我水平不够，整整看了2天，才从这种代码中找出了它主要的解密方式，
【面试经验】滴滴 秋招储备实习 前端面经
litterfinger的博客
08-05 418
时间线：5.15 11点半一面，下午2点半二面。● 不知道盒子宽高情况下水平垂直居中。● scale是怎么放大盒子宽高的。● transform的属性。滴滴秋招储备实习 前端面经。● 文件断点续传+切片上传。● 自我介绍+项目介绍。
05_ Electron 自定义菜单、主进程与渲染进程通信
最新发布
所学所思
08-09 358
单独写在一个 js 文件中，然后再在主进程中引入labe: "文件",submenu: [label: "新建文件",},label: "编辑",submenu: [label: "复制",},submenu: [// main.js// 1、引入初始化remote 模块width:800,})// __dirname 表示获取我们当前目录， path.join 会将两个参数合并成 d://electrondemo/index.html// 打开调试模式。
评论
添加红包

请填写红包祝福语或标题

个

红包个数最小为10个

元

红包金额最低5元

当前余额3.43元 前往充值 >
需支付：10.00元
成就一亿技术人!
领取后你会自动成为博主和红包主的粉丝 规则
hope_wisdom
发出的红包
实付元
使用余额支付
点击重新获取
扫码支付
钱包余额 0

抵扣说明：

1.余额是钱包充值的虚拟货币，按照1:1的比例进行支付金额的抵扣。
2.余额无法直接购买下载，可以购买VIP、付费专栏及课程。

余额充值