神通数据库-数据库快速入门.pdf
作为企业级大型、通用对象关系型数据库管理系统，神通数据库为用户提供的功能包括：
• 支持丰富的数据类型
神通数据库所支持的数据类型包括：字符串类型、位串类型、精确数值类型、布尔型、近似数值类型、
日期类型、时间间隔类型、货币类型、二进制大对象、字符型大对象等。
• 提供功能强大的内置函数
神通数据库系统提供了丰富的内置函数，并可以根据用户的实际需要，定制特殊的函数。系统提供的内
置函数主要包括：数学函数、字符串函数、日期时间函数、类型转换函数聚集函数等。
• 支持视图
神通数据库对数据视图提供了完善的支持，从而允许不同的用户或应用程序以不同的方式查看同一数
据。该项功能不仅使数据更易于访问，而且可以利用它限制某些用户能够查看或更新的行和列。视图可以有
效地减少数据库中的数据冗余，并为实现灵活的数据安全机制提供了基础。
• 支持存储过程
使用数据库创建应用程序时，过程语言是应用程序和数据库之间的主要编程接口。神通数据库中所提
供的过程语言是 plOSCAR。在使用 plOSCAR 程序时，可用两种方法存储和执行程序。可以在本地存储程
序，并创建向数据库发送命令并处理结果的应用程序；也可以将程序在数据库中存储为存储过程，并创建执
行存储过程并处理结果的应用程序。
• 完整性约束机制
神通数据库使用约束来自动强制数据库完整性的方式。约束定义关于列中允许值的规则，是强制完整性
的标准机制。在神通数据库中，支持五类约束：
NOT NULL 指定不接受 NULL 值的列。
CHECK 约束对可以对放入列中的值进行限制，以强制执行域的完整性。
UNIQUE 约束在列集内强制执行值的唯一性。
PRIMARY KEY 约束标识列或列集，这些列或列集的值唯一标识表中的行。
FOREIGN KEY 约束标识表之间的关系。
• 支持触发器
在神通数据库系统中，触发器是一种特殊类型的存储过程，它在指定的表中的数据发生变化时自动生效
被触发执行。唤醒调用触发器以响应 INSERT、UPDATE 或 DELETE 语句。触发器可以查询其它表，并
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可以包含复杂的 plOSCAR 语句。神通数据库触发器按照所触发动作的间隔尺寸可以分为语句级触发器和行
级触发器。触发器由 CREATE TRIGGER 语句定义，FOR EACH 子句定义了触发动作的间隔尺寸，它既
可以是 FOR EACH STATEMENT（语句级触发器），也可以是 FOR EACH ROW（行级触发器）。
• 支持事务处理
神通数据库提供了高效的事务管理机制，保证每个事务的完整性。该机制提供：
锁定机制，使事务相互隔离。
记录机制，保证事务的持久性。即使服务器硬件、操作系统或数据库自身出现故障，也可以在重新启动
时使用事务日志，将所有未完成的事务自动地回滚到系统出现故障的位置。
事务管理特性，强制保持事务的原子性和一致性。事务启动之后，就必须成功完成，否则数据库系统将
撤消该事务启动之后对数据所作的所有修改。
在神通数据库中一个事务可以由一条或多条 sql 语句构成。事务的提交状态可以是自动提交也可以是手
动提交。有关事务的控制命令包括 BEGIN，COMMIT，ROLLBACK。
• 支持模式
一个数据库可以包含一个或多个命名的模式，一个模式内可以包含多个表。不同的模式中的表名可以相
同，而同一模式中的表不能同名。模式如同操作系统级的目录，但是模式不能嵌套。
用户在相应权限控制下可以访问所连接的数据库中的任何模式中的对象。
模式具有以下特点：
多个用户使用同一数据库而不会互相影响。
对数据库中的对象进行逻辑分组，更便于管理。
各个应用分别使用各自的模式，以避免命名冲突。
在模式中创建数据库对象或访问模式中的对象时，可在对象名前指定模式名。
• 支持数据备份和恢复
神通数据库的备份/恢复工具具有图形化的操作界面。用户利用备份工具可以对整个数据库、指定数据
库、或者指定库中的特定表执行备份操作。备份的数据被保存在用户指定的目录中。利用备份文件，用户可
以利用配套的恢复工具执行恢复操作。备份和恢复工具都提供丰富的选项，以满足不同用户的备份和恢复要
求。
• 支持数据迁移
神通数据库的数据导入和导出向导是前台管理工具中的一个实用工具，其主要功能是进行神通数据库
与其它各种异构数据源之间数据的析取、转换以及合并。数据导入和导出工具支持的数据源包括：神通数据
库、Oracle、Microsoft SQL Server、IBM DB2、Microsoft Excel 97-2000、文本文件、其他支持 ODBC 的
数据源。在数据的转换过程中，向导能根据源数据和目标数据具体类型，通过内置的转换规则提供数据类型
的默认映射关系、数据类型的精度匹配、空与非空信息提取、主键及相关索引建立等辅助功能，帮助用
Apache Commons Net 3.1
Apache Commons Net项目中封装了各种网络协议的客户端，支持的协议包括：
FTP
NNTP
SMTP
POP3
Telnet
TFTP
Finger
Whois
rexec/rcmd/rlogin
Time (rdate) and Daytime
Echo
Discard
NTP/SNTP
最大的改进：
增加对 IMAP 和 IMAPS 的支持
增加对 SMTPS 和 POP3S 的支持
Apache Commons Net 3.1发行说明：
Fixed Bugs:
o NET-409: FTPClient truncates file (storeFile method).
Fix bug introduced in release 3.0.
The prior release 3.0 fixes many bugs (see below), and adds new functionality:
- basic support for IMAP and IMAPS
- support for SMTPS and POP3S
FTP changes:
- default for lenient future dates is now true, which fixes short date parsing where host clock is ahead of client clock
- no longer parses every response line twice
- OS auto-detection can be overriden by defining the property 'org.apache.commons.net.ftp.systemType';
- or by creating a properties file '/systemType.properties' which provides a mapping from getSystemType() to parser name
See the Javadoc for FTPClient.initiateListParsing(String parserKey, String pathname).
- SASL, PLAIN and CRAM-MD5 authentication added
- added control channel keep-alive for use with misbehaving routers, see FTPClient.setControlKeepAliveTimeout(long controlIdle)
NNTP changes:
- reworked to use long for article numbers
- added streaming equivalents for the array methods
Added TrustManagerUtils and KeyManagerUtils classes to simplify setting up trust and key namagers. KeyManagerUtils can be used to provide client certificates.
This release is binary-compatible with 2.2, but there are some minor changes to source compatibility:
- telnet.TelnetClient#addOptionHandler(TelnetOptionHandler) now additionally throws IOException
- telnet.TelnetClient#deleteOptionHandler() now additionally throws IOException
- ftp.FTPSClient ctors no longer throw NoSuchAlgorithmException
- Redundant CODE_nnn definitions have been removed from FTPReply, SMTPReply and NNTPReply classes
- Unused String constants KEYSTORE_ALGORITHM, PROVIDER, STORE_TYPE, TRUSTSTORE_ALGORITHM removed from FTPSClient
All users are recommended to upgrade.
Changes in this version include:
New features:
o NET-333: Added basic IMAP/IMAPS implementation. Thanks to Bogdan Drozdowski.
o NET-326: A KeyManager is required when the protection level is set to 'P' with FTPSClient on active mode.
Added KeyManagerUtils class to simplify provision of client certificates.
o NET-273: FEAT response parsing. Added FTPClient methods: boolean hasFeature(feature [,option]),
String fetaureValue(feature), String[] featureValues(feature)
o NET-379: FTPClient - support for processing arbitrary commands that only use the control channel
o NET-378: FTP listing should support MLST and MLSD.
o NET-372: FTPSClient: java.security.cert.CertificateException: No X509TrustManager implementation available if trustManager == null
o NET-371: Create TrustManagerFactory to provide custom TrustManagers.
o NET-327: "Unconnected sockets not implemented" when using FTPSClient
Added disconnect() override which resets the socket factories to their defaults Thanks to Bogdan Drozdowski.
o NET-350: "java.net.SocketException: Broken pipe" when calling "TelnetClient.sendAYT()"
Added SocketClient#isAvailable() method to perform additional checks on a socket. Thanks to Bogdan Drozdowski.
o NET-237: Add streaming methods (corresponding to array methods) to NNTPClient.
o NET-314: The FTP client should autodetect the control encoding. Thanks to Bogdan Drozdowski.
o NET-361: Implement Telnet Command sender.
o NET-343: Telnet client: Support Client-initiated Subnegotiation Messages. Thanks to Archie Cobbs.
o NET-344: Telnet client: Support Listener Notification of Incoming Data. Thanks to Archie Cobbs.
o NET-352: SASL PLAIN and CRAM-MD5 authentication. Thanks to Bogdan Drozdowski.
o NET-357: The POP3 client does not support SSL/TLS connections. Thanks to Bogdan Drozdowski.
o NET-229: Use properties file (/systemType.properties) to handle new OS-type auto-detection.
o NET-332: Commons net ftp cannot handle unknown type parser and should allow override of parser through vm argument.
The system property "org.apache.commons.net.ftp.systemType" can be used to provide the system type.
o NET-156: New FTPClient method to retrieve all directory names in the current working directory.
Added methods listDirectories(), listDirectories(String path).
o NET-353: The SMTPClient does not support authentication. Thanks to Bogdan Drozdowski.
o NET-356: The SMTP client does not support SSL/TLS connections. Thanks to Bogdan Drozdowski.
o NET-358: Implement copy Listener in FTPClient file operations.
o NET-351: APOP authentication fails most of the time.
Fix by adding leading 0 if necessary. Thanks to Bogdan Drozdowski.
Fixed Bugs:
o NET-404: FTPSSocketFactory does not override createSocket(); causes java.net.SocketException: Unconnected sockets not implemented.
o NET-399: ftp data connection does not use connectTimeout. Thanks to Noah Levitt.
o NET-402: IMAP, NNTP, POP3 and SMTP classes uses BufferedReader for control channel, which does not follow the standard.
Changed reader to CRLFLineReader.
o NET-401: FTP class uses BufferedReader for control channel, which does not follow the standard.
Changed reader to CRLFLineReader.
o NET-268: Better handling of CIDR/31 and CIDR/32 where isInclusive = false.
Return 0 for address count, and 0.0.0.0 for each of the addresses
o NET-389: Unix parser should ignore "total nnn" lines.
o NET-367: ntp.TimeStamp uses incorrect lazy initialisation of static fields simpleFormatter and utcFormatter.
o NET-388: VMSVersioningFTPEntryParser#preParse should not call super.preParse().
o NET-362: TelnetInputStream has various threading bugs.
o NET-89: TelnetClient use of FromNetASCIIInputStream and ToNetASCIIOutputStream breaks binary mode.
See also NET-387.
o NET-354: FTPSClient not properly supporting CCC and PROT P. Thanks to Leif John Korshavn.
o NET-365: FTPClient.listFiles() does not work properly, if remote server speaks German.
Match non-space{3} instead of A-Za-z{3}
o NET-366: FTPClientConfig: setServerLanguageCode and setShortMonthNames do not work.
Ensure that config is passed to all parsers that can use it.
o NET-276: NNTPClient has problems with group listings for large groups.
o NET-185: Possible NPE in Threader.java
o NET-364: nntp.Article is very inefficient and incorrect.
o NET-363: Can't connect to a server behind firewall in passive mode. Thanks to daniel damon.
o NET-348: Queue is full TelnetInputStream.
o NET-345: Telnet client: not properly handling IAC bytes within subnegotiation messages:
- failing to double IACs on output
- failing to de-double IACs in input Thanks to Archie Cobbs.
o NET-270: Incorrect error handling in method initiateListParsing of FTPClient.
o NET-258: Implement A Keepalive Mechanism. Control channel keepalive implemented for the following methods:
appendFile, storeFile, storeUniqueFile, retrieveFile.
o NET-289: StackOverflowError in Threader. Thanks to Luc Claes.
o NET-317: POP3MessageInfo fields should be final.
o NET-252: Get rid of using deprecated API in VMSFTPEntryParser.
o NET-303: FTPFileEntryParser API samples are wrong.
o NET-286: Unhandled SecurityException in DefaultFTPFileEntryParserFactory.createFileEntryParser when using applets.
o NET-360: DefaultFTPFileEntryParserFactory.createFileEntryParser(String key) always tries to load a class.
o NET-359: CopyStreamAdapter unconditionally resets the CopyStreamEvent source and is inefficient.
o NET-355: examples.nntp.NNTPUtils does not compile
Changes:
o NET-407: Change lenientFutureDates to default to true.
This means short dates will be parsed as the current year when the host clock is up to 1 day ahead of the client clock.
o NET-400: Option to override SSL negotiation. Make FTPSClient#execAuth() and FTPSClient#sslNegotiation() protected Thanks to David Kocher.
o NET-331: AS400 file timestamp format is wrong. Workround exists.
o NET-269: Remove semi-redundant check in SubnetUtils.calculate().
o NET-219: Should Telnet class Exception blocks write to System.err?
Catch blocks removed, and throws clauses added to allow caller to more easily detect and recover.
o NET-397: FTPSClient does not handle AUTH or ADAT and only partially handles PBSZ. FTPSCommand should be deprecated. Thanks to Bogdan Drozdowski.
o NET-395: Move ProtocolCommandSupport to SocketClient.
o NET-393: Should the sendCommandWithID() methods be public?
Made methods private, and deleted currently unused ones.
o NET-394: Are the sendUntaggedCommand() methods needed?
Renamed the method as sendData(), as it's not a command.
o NET-392: Use enum for IMAPCommand.
o NET-381: Parsing is inefficient, as it parses everything twice.
o NET-385: FTP does not apply timeout to initial responses.
o NET-384: KeyManagerUtils - the KeyManager is not efficient.
o NET-383: KeyManagerUtils - allow alias to be omitted when there is only one private key in the store
o NET-377: NLST does not take notice of HiddenFiles setting.
o NET-373: NNTP Listgroups not working - broken server implementation.
o NET-375: DotTerminatedMessageReader should extend BufferedReader, rather than Reader.
o NET-374: ParserInitializationException doesn't use standard JDK exception chaining
o NET-368: Threader.thread should accept an Iterable rather than a List.
Removed:
o NET-369: Article.addHeaderField() is currently write-only - there is no way to retrieve the headers - is it needed?
Method was removed, along with the field.
o Removed deprecated unused fields from FTPSClient:
- KEYSTORE_ALGORITHM, PROVIDER, STORE_TYPE, TRUSTSTORE_ALGORITHM
o NET-330: The method VMSFTPEntryParser.parseFileList(InputStream listStream) should not be present.
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